Posted on 1st Oct 2024 10:54:45 PM Public Administration
1.0 Background of the Study
According to 1985 UN report, women who constitute half of the world’s population, still perform nearly two-thirds of all work hours but receive only one-tenth of the world income. In most countries, women face substantial salary discrimination is disadvantaged in access to educational opportunities and remain in sex-segregated occupations to a considerable extent. They own less than 1% of world properly and hold only 6% of government office (Iglitzin and Ross, 1986). Now-a-days women’s are including their sells in many developmental activities. In Bangladesh since 1991, the Prime Minister has continuously been a woman. The proportion of administrative and managerial positions held by women has increased from 1% to 2% between the mid 1980s and mid 1990s; however, in spite of this increase the number of women in still very low. In Bangladesh women have recently been linked to the global economy. Large numbers of women are working in the industrial sectors of garments, testily, pharmaceutical, electronics and chemicals. They are also employed in the agricultural sector, like shrimp and tea plantation. Since the 1980s an export based garment industry has mushroomed in Bangladesh. The most notable feature of this industry is its heavy use of women workers. At present, the garment factories in Bangladesh alone absorb 1.5 million workers of which 90% are women constituting almost 70% of the total employment in manufacturing sector, (BGMEA, 2003). The garments industry alone absorbed nearly one-fifth of the women employed in the manufacturing sector, two-thirds of those employed in medium and large scale enterprises (Zohur and Majumdar, 1996 in Afsar, 2000). The female share of the labor force in the export processing Zones is almost 72% although the women are involves the in many kind of professional activities many of the times they faced various kinds of problems. And that’s why women have very insignificant participation in professional activities.
1.1 Statement of the Problem
No society can develop morally, socially, culturally and economically without the participation of women. That’s why Article 29 of the Bangladesh constitution focused that the man and women are equal by race, religion, gender. But gender discrimination and sexual harassment in the working environment are the two major problems that every professional activities women face in Bangladesh and women’s are lag behind in participation in job. Not only Bangladesh but also in the whole world women’s are being faced by different obstacles in doing job though half of the total population of world are women. We want to find out the obstacles which are faced by the women who are working with different profession in job and also want to find out the suggestion that help them. But in practical since really women’s are given their facilities.
1.2 Scope of the Study
One important step in a research is the selection of field of that research. Because, without select a field the research is impossible. For ensuring the reliability in our research “Women’s participation in professional activities: The nature of obstacles” we included the following field in our research-
· Banking sector
· NGO sector
· Labor market sector
· Medical Sector
· Law and justice sector
· Cottage and silk industries
· Local administration sector
1.3 Research Objectives
Research is a systematic process of searching knowledge. And every research has some specific objectives and goals. In this research we want to see the following things-
· What type of problems are faced women’s in professional activities.
· To know the step of government to reduce those problem that women are faced in work place.
· To know whether the right of women is given in work place.
· To increase the women’s participation in work, which proposed factor’s may be effective.
1.4 Hypothesis
Hypothesis is a powerful tools for the advancement of knowledge. It brings clarity, specificity and focus to a research problem.
Hypothesis-01: The participation of women in professional activities is comparatively weak.
Hypothesis-02: The governmental problem in policy making to increase the participation of women in professional activities.
1.5 Significance of the Study
At present women’s participation in political, social and economical activity is increasing but it is too less to compare with globally as well as nationally. Participation of women is necessary for expanding economic activity and entire development mobility of society. There is no alternative of women’s participation to remove discrimination, increasing decision making power empowering women in society. Women’s participation in professional activities increases before than past. In professional activities women’s are facing various obstacles moreover. They are not supported by their men’s colleague misbehave of their higher officer, uncertainty of pregnancy period, lack of taking government policy etc. problems are faced by women. This factors play an important role for conducting this research. The main significance of this rise is to indicate the problem faced by the women at the workplace and to survive the women at this profession solving this problem and to analyzed different aspects of government cooperation in this section.
1.6 Variables
An image, perception or concept that is capable of measurement-hence capable of taking on different values-is called variable. There are two types of variables. These are-
· Dependent variable and
· Independent variable
Dependent Variable: The variable that is used to describe or measure the problem under study is called dependent variable (Islam, 2009).
Independent Variable: The variable that is used to describe or measure the factor that is assumed to cause or at least to influence the problem is called independent variable (Ibid).
In our research, dependent variable includes the professional activities of women’s and independent variable includes the professional environment, career development opportunity, participation in decision making.
1.7 Methodological Overview
Research methodology is a way to study the various steps that are systematically along with the logic assumptions and rational behind them (Ibid). Methodology of research is two types-
Qualitative Research: Qualitative research is a field of enquiry that crosscuts discipline and subject matters (Ibid).
Quantitative Research: Quantitative research is the systematic investigation of quantitative properties and phenomena and their interrelationships (Ibid).
Our research based on survey method and not finding any statistics or quantitative result. So it can be called a qualitative research.
1.8 Research Strategy
We are used survey method strategy in this research for focusing the women’s participation and problems in professional activities. Because the social survey is a co-operative undertaking that applies research techniques to the study and diagnosis of a current social problem situation or population within definite geographical limits and bearings usually with a concern for formulation of a constructive programme of social reform and amelioration.
1.9 Sources of Data
Data is the raw materials for research. There are two sources of data in any research. These are given below-
· Primary source of data and
· Secondary source of data
Primary data was the main source of our research which was based on questionnaire. But we used secondary data (Paper, Books, and Internet etc.) for our research more reliable.
1.10 Target Population
In this research we are used women who are involve in the following professions-
· Teaching profession
· Banker
· Magistrate
· Cottage and silk industries worker
· NGO personnel
· Doctor
· Laborer
· Member of Union Parishad
1.11 Sample frame and Research Setting
A sample is a representative part of a population that exhibits relevant characteristics of the population (Ibid).
The various sampling strategies can be categorized as follows-
· Random sampling
· Non-random sampling
· Mixed sampling
We are selected informer randomly in various professions.
1.11.1 Sample Size
In this research we were select 23 women whose are involve in professional activities.
| Professions | Selected Member |
| Teaching profession | 5 |
| Banker | 3 |
| Magistrate | 1 |
| Cottage and silk industry’s worker | 2 |
| NGO personnel | 4 |
| Doctor | 3 |
| Laborer | 2 |
| Local administration | 3 |
1.11.2 Ethics Consideration
Ethics are norms or codes of behaviour that guide moral choices about our behaviour and our relationships with others. The goal of ethics in research is to ensure that no one is harmed or suffers adverse consequences from research activities. Because integrity in research is vital, ethical consideration should be given prime importance when preparing research designs. (Cooper and schindler 1995). So, in our research we are try to stay in ethics consideration.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.0 Background of the Study
1.1 Statement of the Problem
1.2 Scope of the Study
1.3 Research Objectives
1.4 Hypothesis
1.5 Significance of the Study
1.6 Variables
1.7 Methodological Overview
1.8 Research Strategy
1.9 Sources of Data
1.10 Target Population
1.11 Sample frame and Research Setting
1.11.1 Sample Size
1.11.2 Ethics Consideration
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction
2.1 Legal status of women in Bangladesh
2.2 Women and the Social Sectors
2.3 Status of women in Bangladesh
2.4 A Survey of Theoretical Debates
2.5 Relation This (GAD) Theory With Our Study
CHAPTER THREE: DATA COLLECTION
3.0 Introduction
3.1 Limitation of the research
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS
4.0 Analysis of Data
4.1 Problems of working in professional Activities
4.2 Participation in Decision-making
4.3 Career Development Opportunity
4.4 Professional Environment
4.5 Others criteria
CHAPTER FIVE: RECOMMENDATION & CONCLUSION
5.0 Recommendations
5.1 Conclusion
REFERENCES
ANNEX
LIST OF TABLE
Table 1: Population and Demographic Data 1991
Table 2: Interfamily Distribution of Food in Rural Areas (daily intake in person)
Table 3: Women Members in the Committees of Major Political Parties
Table 4: Representation of Women at Different Levels in the Administration
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure-1
Term, Paper, Womens, Participation, Professional, Activities, Nature, Obstacles, Background, Statement, Problem, Scope, Significance, Study, Research, Objectives, Hypothesis, Variables, Methodological, Strategy, Sources, Data, Target, Population, Ethics, Consideration
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