Posted on 8th Oct 2024 01:03:29 AM Fisheries
INTRODUCTION
1. Fisheries sectors contribution
Among the different sub-sectors of agriculture, fisheries is considered as very important sub-sector contributing 3.74% of the national income and about 22.23% of total agricultural production (DoF, 2011). The people of Bangladesh are getting 60% of total animal protein from fisheries sector (DoF, 2011). There is gradual potentiality of the fisheries sector through creating employment opportunity and earning foreign exchange. About 1.2 crore of people depends directly and indirectly on fisheries sector for their livelihood. About 2.70% of the total export earning is contributed by fisheries sector (DoF, 2011).
2. Fisheries resources of Bangladesh
The country is gifted with rich fishery resources, inland and marine waters with a wide variety of indigenous and exotic fish fauna. The soil, water and climate of Bangladesh are unique for fisheries. Inland closed water is estimated as 5,28,390 ha (including ponds, ox-bow lakes and coastal shrimp farms) and the fish production is 13,51,979 metric ton which is the 39.34% of total fish production (DoF, 2011). The floodplains and the beels covering an area of 29,46,953 ha offer tremendous scope and potential for augmenting fish production by adopting enhancement techniques (DoF, 2011). The country has enormous potentiality for the development of brackish water aquaculture and enough marine water resources in the Bay of Bengal. The country has a coast line of 710 km and marine water area (Exclusive Economic Zone) of 41040 square nautical miles (DoF, 2011).
3. Fish production
Bangladesh is one of the world's leading inland fisheries producer with a production of 28,99,198 metric tons in which a total of 5,17,282 metric tons (20%) marine catch; 13,51,979 metric tons (39%) production from aquaculture and 10,29,937 metric tons (41%) production from inland open water during the year 2009–2010 (DoF, 2011). FAO (2005) ranked Bangladesh as sixth largest aquaculture producing country with its estimated production of 856,956 tons in 2003.
The seed collected from natural breeding grounds have many problems such as the inclusion of seed of predatory fishes or disease. Wild seed is collected and handled in crude and unscientific methods that can potentially lead to large scale mortality during transportation from collection centers to nursery ponds and also in the nursery ponds after release. Therefore, emphasis should be placed on expansion of hatchery facilities to supply high quality fish seed required to support aquaculture development. For proper planning, management and sustainable development of hatcheries it is necessary to identify the specific problems and requirements of an area (Bhuiyan et al., 2008).
4. Hatchery
Hatchery is a place where hatching of fish egg up to produce fingerlings for suitable of stocking of pond. Another worlds Hatchery can be defined as-
· Several brood fish pond, where they, made suitable breeding
· Rectangular tanks, breeding tanks, incubation tanks, larval rearing and source of freshwater and other related materials etc
· Several nursery and rearing pond where grows spawn to fry and fry to fingerlings.
(Siddique & Choudhuri, 1996).
5. Present Status of Hatcheries in Bangladesh
The number of existing farms and hatcheries for fish seed production is less than the actual requirement in Bangladesh. At present the number of hatchery is 931 in which 77 are government and 854 are private (DoF, 2011). In 2001-2002, spawn production was 276,481 kg (DoF, 2003). But in 2009-2010 spawn production from hatcheries was 4,65,306 kg (DoF, 2011). About 99.5% fry of the country is produced by the hatcheries (DoF 2008). It seems that the establishment of new hatcheries is playing an active role in fish production.
6. Site Selection for the Hatchery
The selection of site is very important to build up a hatchery because it is very expensive and technological matter. The condition of site selection is considered during build up hatchery such as- (i) The place should be selected by the side of the river, beel which will help to supply sufficient water and easily drainage system of the hatchery. (ii) To ensure electric supply. (iii) Communication system is well developed with different areas. (iv) Availability of fertilizer and raw materials. (v) Marketing facilities are well developed. (vi) Free flooded and pollutant area.
7. Models and Functions of Hatcheries
According to the choice and ability of the owners, the models of hatcheries are of different types. A hatchery needs different types of tanks or containers for seed production.
Getting success in the induced spawning in Bangladesh, there are different types of model of hatcheries suggested by Siddique and Choudhuri, (1996) and Das, (1997). These models are Hatchery Pits, Glass jar hatchery, Circular hatchery, Funnel hatchery, Low cost hatchery, Plastic tub hatchery, Mini hatchery, Jugar bottle hatchery, Bearable hatchery, Hapa hatchery.
8. Essential Part of a Hatchery
Hatchery is built by many small unit. It is a technological and expensive matter. The main parts of Hatchery are- (i) Brood rearing pond (ii) Nursery pond (iii) Rearing pond (iv) Stocking pond (v) Nets of catch fishes (vi) A power pump (vii) Over head tanks (viii) Main hatchery unit.
9. Role of induced spawning in Bangladesh
Induced spawning is a process that, the fishes are not breeding in the closed water bodies but some stimulants or hormone or pituitary extracts are injected in the brood fish in order to quickly causing breeding (Siddique & Chowdhury, 1996).
In early stage of aquaculture, fish farmers were fully depending on nature for fish seeds but the supply gradually declined due to over-exploitation, environmental degradation, blocking or changing of migration routes etc. These environmental and manmade interferences cause genetic degradation in natural population and in some cases; it attributes unfavorable state for some fish species.
In Bangladesh, the successful induced spawning was first led by Ali, 1967 in carps through hypophysation having been standardized (Haque, 1975; Islam and Chowdhury, 1976; Alam, 1983 and Ahmed, 1983).
However despite of prolonged practice and considerable refinement hypophysation procedure, still seem to lacking of sufficient standardization. The background of the technique basically steams from the problem of dose and selection of brood. The standardization of close cannot be achieved without knowledge of the gonadotropic content of the extract through suitable bioassay technique. The does varies from species to species in different times in the breeding season and also at the maturity stage of the brood.
The establishment of improved fish breeding system is a considerable task, as the majority of hatcheries are affected by genetic degradation, with more than 4000 hatchery owners and nursery operators involved. Further training and establishment of an adapted legal framework is urgently required to improve genetic knowledge and increase awareness about the responsibility of hatchery operators. By improving and controlling the quality of brood stock and breeding activities in hatcheries, aquaculture productivity will be improved and the impacts on capture fisheries biodiversity reduced (Rajts et al., 2003).
10. Fish hatchery law and cards
The government is set to introduce a law to bring discipline and accountability in fish hatchery industry that has grown sporadically in the last couple of decades. The forthcoming law, ‘Hatchery Ordinance 2008’ is expected to enforce licensing of the hatcheries, for which the hatcheries will be needed to comply with certain requirements such as the presence of aeration, pump or tube-well, hatchery shed, environment friendly waste disposal and storage facility. Without registration none of the hatcheries will be allowed to operate according to the draft of the ordinance, in which recommendations from various stakeholders are being incorporated. The law will help ensure quality of the products (Reports: The Daily Star, July 19, 2008).
Objectives of the study
· To know the present status of the hatchery.
· To know the essential part of the hatchery.
· To know the fry production management of the hatchery.
· To find out the source of brood and record keeping system of the hatchery.
· To know the broodstock replacement practice of the hatchery.
· To know the effect of breeding number (Ne) of the hatchery.
· To know about the rates of doses in the application of brood fish.
· To find out the need or problems of hatchery owners.
· To find out the problems faced by farmers.
· To find out the amount of fish seed production in the year.
· To know the marketing system in the hatchery.
ABSTRACT
The present study was carried out on the hatchery management of four hatcheries of Rajshahi City Corporation and induced spawning in the Arif matshow hatchery. This study was continued in the period from July to February in 2011-2012. The area of hatchery building ranged from 8-12 decimal. The total area of the hatchery boundary ranged from 408-639 decimal, had 3-7 brood fish pond and 1 nursery pond. The area of the brood fish pond and nursery pond ranged from 400-583 and 30-45 decimal respectively. Different types of tanks such as overhead tank, cistern, circular hatching tank, circular breeding tank, incubation bottles etc. were used. Fourteen fish species were used in hatcheries for spawning. About 75% of the studied hatcheries collected brood stock from natural riverine sources, 50% from market, 25% from other hatcheries whereas 50% collected brood stock from other farm. Surveyed hatcheries supplied 5-7kg cow dung 25-90 gm T.S.P and 30-150 gm Urea per decimal and as supplementary feed they used rice bran, mustard oil cake, decomposed rice, wheat bran, raw blood and fish meal for brood fish and boiled egg yolk for spawn. In the studied hatcheries Ne was found 60-99.14 and hatchery replenished their brood stock with natural riverine sources and from hatcheries themselves. Pedigree records of broods were not maintained in the surveyed hatcheries. Monthly production of the hatcheries ranged from 10-25 kg and yearly production was 100-220 kg. In case of induced spawning in Arif matshow hatchery it was seen that, for native species first doses were applied for both male and female ranged from 1.5-2.5 mg/kg and second doses were applied only female range from 6-8 mg/kg with duration of 6-8 hours. In case of exotic carps first doses were applied both male and female ranged from 1.5-6.5 mg/kg and second doses were applied only female ranged from 4.5-8 mg/kg with duration of 3-10 hours. The highest temperature was recorded as 32°C and lowest was 18°C. The water temperature of hatchery was 27-28°C. The maximum and minimum pH was recorded as 8.6 and 7.5 respectively. During the study period, some problems were found in the surveyed hatcheries such as inbreeding, rough handling of brood, lack of equipments, retard growth, low survivality of fry, deformity of fingerlings, susceptible to diseases, high mortality of fry.
CONTENTS
Acknowledgements
Abstract
Contents
List of Tables
List of Plates
List of Figures
INTRODUCTION
1. Fisheries sectors contribution
2. Fisheries resources of Bangladesh
3. Fish production
4. Hatchery
5. Present Status of Hatcheries in Bangladesh
6. Site Selection for the Hatchery
7. Models and Functions of Hatcheries
8. Essential Part of a Hatchery
9. Role of induced spawning in Bangladesh
10. Fish hatchery law and cards
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
1. Description of study area
2. Materials
3. Methods
RESULTS AND OBSERVATIONS
Status of hatchery
Brood stock management
Effective breeding number
Brood stock replenishing system
Record keeping system
Production capacity
Problems faced by farmers
Induced spawning
Brood fish rearing and management
Marketing of fish seed
Physico chemical properties
DISCUSSION
Status of the surveyed hatcheries
Fertilization and feeding of broods
Effective breeding number (Ne)
Brood replenishing system
Cleaning and transport facilities
Record keeping system
Production capacity
Problems and constraints
Induced spawning
Physico-chemical parameters
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
LIST OF TABLES
1. Production of hatchling in Govt. hatcheries and fish seed farms
2. Production of hatchling from hatcheries in private sectors
3. The studied hatcheries and the address of owners
4. The status of studied hatchery
5. Number and area of nursery, brood stock pond and the area of studied hatcheries
6. Number and volume of different types of tank present in the studied hatcheries
7. Shows the different species of fish used in studied hatcheries
8. Source of native brood fish collection in the surveyed hatcheries
9. Amount of manure and fertilizers used in studied hatcheries
10. Percentage of supplementary feeds used in studied hatcheries
11. Shows the male and female brood fish used for spawning, sex ratio and effective breeding number (Ne)
12. Brood stock replenishing system practiced in the surveyed hatcheries
13. Cleaning materials used in hatcheries
14. Shows the record keeping system practiced in the surveyed hatcheries
15. Different inducing agents used in studied hatcheries
16. Shows the production of spawn of the surveyed hatchery
17. Central Rajshahi, information on income & expenditure of fish seed production farms of last 10 years (2002-2011)
18. Shows the containers used for fry transportation
19. Shows the name and amount of fertilizer
20. Percentage of supplementary feed used in studied hatchery
21. Weight of brood fishes used for spawning purposes in the Arif matshow hatchery
22. Sex determination of male and female broods
23. Shows the different dosage, duration of 1st dosage and spawning time of native species in the Arif matshow hatchery
24. Shows the different dosage, duration of 1st dosage and spawning time of exotic species in the Arif matshow hatchery
25. Incubation period of different fish species
26. Fertilization, hatching and survival rate of different fish species in the studied hatchery
27. Shows the price of different fish spawn per kg
28. Shows the production of different fish spawn
29. Shows the on monthly variation of physico-chemical parameters of hatchery water
LIST OF PLATES
1. View of a brood fish pond in Rajshahi matshow beej utpadon khamar
2. View of a brood fish pond in Arif matshow hatchery
3. View of a brood fish pond in Sarkar matshow hatchery
4. Shows the different types of tank of surveyed hatcheries
5. Conditioning of cowdung in Rajshahi matshow beej utpadon khamar
6. Shows the application of raw blood in Rajshahi matshow beej utpadon khamar
7. Shows the storage of supplementary feed
8. Determination of male and female brood fish
9. Collected pituitary gland preserved with acetone
10. Photograph shows the mode of injection
11. Photograph shows the stripping methods of female brood fish.
12. Collection of milt
13. Fertilized eggs
LIST OF FIGURES
1. Location map of experimental hatchery area
2. Scratch map of fish seed multiplication farm Rajshahi Sadar, Rajshahi
3. Source of brood fish in percentage in the surveyed hatcheries
4. Shows the value of effective breeding number (Ne) in the surveyed hatcheries
5. Shows the percentage of brood stock replenishing system
6. Shows the percentage of different record type practiced in the studied hatcheries
7. Shows the comparison of spawn production of surveyed hatcheries
8. Shows the name and amount of different (%) fertilizer
9. Shows the name and composition percentage of supplementary feed
10. Shows the average prices (Tk.) of spawn of different species
11. Shows the production of different fish spawn
12. Shows the average monthly variation of pH and temperature of farm water of different months
Thesis, Management, Status, Hatcheries, Rajshahi, City, Corporation, Bangladesh, Agriculture, Fish, Hatchery, Farms, Hatchling, River, Beel, Hypophysation
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