Posted on 5th Oct 2024 01:06:52 AM Fisheries
Introduction
Bangladesh is a south Asian country located in between latitude 20°34' and 26°39' north and longitude 80°00' and 92°41' east. The country is crisscrossed with hundreds of rivers. The climate of Bangladesh is unique for aquaculture and fisheries resources management. The Bay of Bengal is situated at the south of the country. Winter lasts only for about 2 months in the country. Temperature and rainfall ranges from 07° to 40°C and 1170 to 3400 mm respectively.
Bangladesh is one of the world's leading inland fisheries producer with a production of 27,01,370 metric tones in which a total of 5,14,644 metric tones (20%) marine catch; 1,06,2801 metric tones (39%) production from aquaculture and 11,23,925 metric tones (41%) production from inland open water during the year 2008–2009 (DoF, 2010). FAO (2005) ranked Bangladesh as sixth largest aquaculture producing country with its estimated production of 856,956 tones in 2003. Aquaculture accounted for about 39.34% of the total fish production during 2008–2009, with inland open water fisheries contributed 41.0% (DoF, 2010). At present, 1.25 crore peoples are engaged directly or indirectly in fisheries sector in the country for livelihood. Another 3.08 million fish and shrimp farmers are cultivating fish and shrimp at both subsistence and commercial level (Mazid, 2002). Average annual growth rate of fish production is around 5%.
Aquaculture is the fastest growing food production sector in the world and provides a significant supplement and substitute to wild fish and plant (Subasingheet al., 2002). There are more than 80 species of freshwater and marine fish cultured in Asia. Of these, about 50 species are cultured in tropical South and Southeast Asia (Rabanal, 1988).
The inland aquatic habitats of Bangladesh are rich in faunal biodiversity containing at least 265 species of finfish, 36 species of prawn, several species of turtle, tortoises, freshwater mussels and other living aquatic animals (Rahman, 2005). In spite of having such potential resources, we are not getting expected fish production. Per capita fish consumption is still lower (17.52 kg/annum) than that of the minimum requirement, 20.44 kg/annum (DoF, 2010). Malnutrition is found as a very common problem in rural Bangladesh. Livestock can assist to solve such problem but the lack of sufficient pastureland as a marked problem for the development of this sector. Aquaculture is only the cheapest way to supply protein in the diet of rural people. It is also proved as a profitable means as compared to other sectors in Bangladesh. Among the different sub-sectors of agriculture, fisheries is considered as very important sub-sector contributing 3.74% of the national income and about 22.23% of total agricultural production (DoF, 2010). The people of Bangladesh are getting 58.0% of total animal protein from fisheries sector (DoF, 2011).
Supply of fingerlings is a prerequisite for the development of aquaculture (Webber and Riordan, 1976). By the course of time, natural spawning grounds of carps are threatened due to the construction of irrigation and flood control dams, river pollution and increased use of pesticides for growing high yielding varieties of rice and consequently the quantity of fry obtained from the natural spawning grounds is declining and not able to meet the fish fry demand. For sustainable aquaculture, we should give special emphasis on our indigenous fish species that deserve to be brought under culture and management that will meet our annual fish intake as well as protect our indigenous fish species from the extinction.
The open water capture fisheries are under great stress and its sustainability are under danger because of changing aquatic ecosystems due to soil erosion, siltration, construction of flood control and drainage structures, industrial chemicals and agro-chemicals. The downstream of major river system is siltated, which reduces the rate of water flow and causes of habitat degradation in many cases.
Industrial wastes and effluents, domestic organic wastes (sewage) etc. directly or indirectly through canals or drains to the rivers or other water bodies and are polluting the aquatic ecosystem (Mazid, 2002).
By improving and controlling the quality of broodstock and breeding activities in hatcheries, aquaculture productivity will be improved and the impacts on capture fisheries biodiversity reduced (Rajtset al., 2003). Induced spawning is a process that, the fishes are not breeding in the closed water bodies but some stimulants or hormone or pituitary extracts are injected in the brood fish in order to quickly causing breeding (Siddique & Chowdhury, 1996).
In Bangladesh, the successful induced spawning was first led by Ali (1967) in carps through hypophysation having been standardized (Haque, 1975; Islam and Chowdhury, 1976; Alam and Ahmed, 1983).
To meet up the increasing demand of fish seed it is prerequisite to produce fish seed in the hatchery. The number of hatchery in our country is not sufficient. The following data is showing the present status of hatcheries.
Private Fish Hatchery and Nursery:
Fish hatchery 931
Fish nursery 8881
Public Fish Hatchery:
Shrimp demonstration firm 02
Shrimp hatchery 02
Fish hatchery 119
Prawn hatchery 17
Fish/shrimp Training Center 06
Fish landing centre (BFDC) 09
Fisheries research stations/sub stations 09
Shrimp landing and service centre 20
According to the statistics of (DoF, 2011)
Fish hatchery especially carp hatchery started to come up in late seventies. The following species are bred in the hatcheries. These are – L. rohita, L. calbasu, C. cirrhosus, C. catla, H.molitrix, C. idellus, A. nobilis, M. testudunius, M. gulsha, O. pabda, Tor tor, P. gonionotus etc.
There are a lot of problems found in the fish hatcheries of Bangladesh. Such as- inadequate quality brood, pollution, inbreeding problems, high price of the inducing agents, lack of proper knowledge about hatchery operation, insufficient man power, lack modern equipment, serious difficulties in large-scale collection and storage of pituitary glands, large gap between the supply and demand of pituitary, Varying potency of the pituitary gland results in unsuccessful spawning.
Inducing agent is of many kinds, which have been using in our hatcheries such as PG, HCG, Ovatid, Ovupin, Profasi.
Hormone preparations for the artificial propagation of carp have been used for many years. Hypophysation (use of Carp Pituitary Extract (CPE) to induce ovulation) for spawning induction in fish have been employed in aquaculture since 1930 (Yaronet al., 2001). However, failures have been frequently encountered. This led to the development of new approaches in inducing spawning in cyprinid fishes. In this approach of induced spawning different LHRH form and their analogues stimulating endogenous GtH release from the pituitary are used with dopamine receptor antagonist that potentiates the response to the peptide (Zohar and Mylonas, 2001).
In Pakistan Ovaprim-C has given good results with doses for females ranging from 0.5-0.7 ml/kg-1 for spawning, fertilization and hatching of Indian and Chinese carps. Ovatide was also used for the breeding of carps, which is cheaper than Ovaprim. These release analogues with a dopamine antagonist are used for breeding of major and Chinese carps (Akhtar, 2001).
In this study the Induced breeding of three exotic species H. molitrix (Silver carp), A. nobilis (Bighead carp), P. gonionotus (Thai sarpunti) is observed.
Exotic Fish species that are of foreign origin and introduced to Bangladesh to augment fish production. History shows that the introduction of individual fish species occurred in different times. So, it would be difficult to provide a comprehensive account of such introduction since no systematic record has been maintained. However, Chinese silver carp, grass carp, big-head carp, black carp and the common carp are the major exotic fishes that have been introduced during the last few decades in Bangladesh waters.
Silver carp (H. molitrix) was introduced in 1969. The fish was imported from Hong Kong. Among exotic fishes, the silver carp has attracted more attention from ecologists and fishery managers, because of its impressive growth rate and ability to live harmoniously with other carp species.
Bighead carp (A. nobilis) was introduced in 1981 from Nepal. It naturally occurs in the riverine system of China. The fish does not breed in captivity. Generally, the female attains maturity in 3-5 years, while the male takes about a year.
Rajputi also known as Thai sarputi (Puntius gonionotus), the fish was brought in 1977 from Thailand. It is an inhabitant of the Southeast Asian riverine system. It has a resemblance with the local sarputi (Puntius sarana) and may grow up to 20 cm. Rajputi does not spawn in captivity. In natural habitats, it breeds in flowing rivers or canals. In Bangladesh habitat, rajputi attains maturity in one year. The fish is suitable for cultivation in small shallow water bodies and ditches. It is also a recommended species for polyculture with some other species.
The effects of commercially available inducing agent Ovupin, (Dompridon-100 ml and SGnRH Gonadotropin hormone- 0.2 mg) were investigated on H. molitrix, A. nobilis, P. gonionotus. The determination of breeding performance (fertilization rate, hatching ate, ovulation rate etc.) against this inducing agent is not yet been assessed.
The aims of the present study are:
· Knowing the breeding performance of H. molitrix, A. nobilis,
P. gonionotus. with PG and Ovupin (DOM+SGnRH).
· Knowing the nursery management of H. molitrix, A. nobilis, P. gonionotus
· To highlight the present condition such as infrastructure, operation and maintenance of the carp hatchery in Bangladesh.
ABSTRACT
The experiment was performed on the induced breeding of Aristichthys nobilis (Treatment-1), Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Treatment-2) and Puntious gonionotus (Treatment-3) with pituitary gland and ovupin (DoM+SGnRH) and nursery management in Nimjachi Matso Hatchery and Training Center, Raigong, Sirajgong in July 2011. Three induce breeding trials using PG and ovupin (DoM+SGnRH) were tested where the males were always injected with pituitary gland hormone (PG) and the female were injected with a single dose of ovupin (DoM+SGnRH) hormone. For of Treatment-1 it was used total 15 female and 15 male where the dose of ovupin hormone for female was 0.5 ml/kg body wt. and the dose of PG hormone for male was 1.5 mg/kg body wt. Ovulation was occurred within 7-8 hrs after the injection of inducing agents. The highest average ovulation rate, fertilization rate and hatching rate recorded as 100%, 87%, 78%, respectively and lowest average ovulation rate, fertilization and hatching rate recorded as 100%, 85%, 75%, respectively. For Treatment-2, we used total 27 female and 27 male where the dose of ovupin hormone for female was 0.5 ml/kg body wt. and the dose of PG hormone for male was 1.5 mg/kg body wt. We found that the ovulation occurred within 7-8 hrs after the injection of inducing agents where the highest average ovulation rate, fertilization rate and hatching rate recorded as 100%, 85%, 69% and lowest average ovulation rate, fertilization and hatching rate recorded as 100%, 83%, 68%. In case of Treatment-3, we used total 45 no of female and 45 no of male where the dose of ovupin hormone for female was 0.3 ml/kg body wt. and the dose of PG hormone for male was 1.5 mg/kg body wt. The ovulation occurred within 7-8 hrs after the injection of inducing agents, highest average ovulation rate, fertilization rate and hatching rate were recorded as 100%, 91%, 72%, respectively and lowest average ovulation rate, fertilization and hatching rate recorded as 100%, 89%, 72%, respectively. The boiled egg yolk was supplied first feeding to the hatchlings as it is used in hatchery. In nursery pond, flour, oil cake, wheat bran were applied as nursery feed. From the present study it can be suggested that both the inducing agents were effective in respect of overall breeding performance and only a single dose of ovupin is suggested for female. The results suggest that the A. nobilis, H. molitrix and P. gonionotous could successfully undergo seduced or sympathetic breeding under hatchery conditions during their optimum reproductive period. As the demand of fish seed is increasing day by day and private hatchery owners are supplying quality fish seed comparatively at lower prices, might be encouraged for the national interest as a whole.
CONTENTS
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Contents
List of tables
List of figure
List of plates
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER-TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATURE
CHAPTER-THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Location Of the study area
3.2 Steps of induced breeding of Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Aristichthys nobilis and Puntious gonionotus using synthetic hormone (PG+Ovupin)
3.2.1 Collection of brood
3.2.2 Brood rearing and brood stock management
3.2.3 Breeding Plan
3.2.4 Collection and preparation of inducing agent
3.2.5 Parameters studied for induced breeding trials:
3.3 Nursery Management of Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Aristichthys nobilis and Puntious gonionotus
3.3.1 Stocking management
3.3.2 Post stocking management
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND OBSERVATIONS
4.1 Induced breeding of Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Aristichthys nobilis, Puntious gonionotus the dose of PG and DOM+GnRH
4.1.1 Bloodstock management
4.1.2 Brood selection
4.1.3 Conditioning
4.1.4 Inducing agent’s administration
4.1.5 Doses of Inducing agents agents for male and female brood
4.1.6 Collection of fertilized eggs and transferring to hatching tank
4.1.7 Ovulation rate
4.1.8 Fertilization rate
4.1.9 Hatching rate
4.1.10 First feeding
4.2 Nursery management of Labeocalbasu.
4.2.1 Pre-stocking management
4.2.2 Stocking management:
4.2.3 Post-stocking management:
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION
CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
References
LIST OF TABLES
Table-1: The general characteristics of brood male and female
Table-2: Treatment-1 with PG and ovupin for male and female brood of Aristichthys nobilis in three breeding trials
Table-3: Treatment-2 withPG and ovupinfor maleand female brood of Hypophthalmichthys molitrix in three breeding trials
Table-4: Treatment-3 with PG and ovupin for male and female brood of Puntious gonionotousin three breeding trials
Table-5: Physical characteristics on the study pond
Table-6: Mean (±SE) water quality parameters observed in different brood pond and hatching jar during the experimental period
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure-1: Location, Raiganj Upazilla at Sirajganj District
Figure-2: Showing height and lowest Ovulation rate (%) of Aristichthys nobilis, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Puntious gonionotus by using PG and Ovupin hormone in different breeding treatment
Figure-3: Showing height and lowest fertilization rate (%) of Aristichthys nobilis, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Puntious gonionotus by using PG and Ovupin hormone in different breeding treatment
Figure-4: Showing height and lowest hatching rate (%) of Aristichthys nobilis, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Puntious gonionotus by using PG and Ovupin hormone in different breeding treatment
Figure-5: Variation of Temperature, pH and Dissolved Oxygen content of Brood pond on different sampling data.
Figure-6: Variation of Temperature, pH and Dissolved Oxygen content of hatching jar on different sampling data.
LIST OF PLATES
Plate-1: Partial view of the brood stock pond
Plate-2: Inducing agent used for artificial propagation
Plate-3: Partial view of the nursery pond
Plate-4: Inlet in the study pond
Plate-5: Brood collection from brood rearing pond
Plate-6: Brood conditioning in the cistern
Plate-7: Inducing agents and their administration
Plate-8: Stripping, collection and mixing of egg and sperm
Plate-9: Unfertilized eggs in the circular tank
Plate-10: Fertilized egg
Plate-11: Hatchlings (after 36 hours)
Plate-12: Removal of predatory and unwanted fish by using phostoxin tablet
Plate-13: Netting to remove predatory fish
Plate-14: Collection of fry and sampling
Study, Artificial, Propagation, Nursery, Management, Hypophthalmichthys, Molitrix, Aristichthys, Nobilis, Puntius, Gonionotus, Public, Private, Fish, Carp, Prawn, Hatchery, Hatcheries, Nursery, Shrimp, Demonstration, Firm, Training, Center, Fisheries, Research, Stations, Landing, Service, Centre
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