Posted on 9th Oct 2024 01:04:02 AM Fisheries
INTRODUCTION
Bangladesh is a small but very thick populated country in the world facing acute problem of food deficiency especially of protein for her people. This country has a large number of water bodies. As such it is very much potential for production of fish and fishery items. But in reality most of the people of our country are victims of protein deficiency. So, we ought to use these water resources properly for pisciculture.
Bangladesh is fortunate with large number of rivers and rivulets numbering about 700 (Ahmed, 1994) with their tributaries and canals, haors, baors, estuaries, dighis, ponds, tanks, lakes and vast fishing ground of the Bay of Bengal. The total water resources of the country are 2,1182706 hectares including 4575706 hectares of inland and 1,66 07,000 hectares of marine water. Of the inland waters 4047731 hectares are open waters, 528390 ha are pond and ditches, 5,488 ha are oxbow lake and 141353 ha are shrimp farms (DoF, 2010). Being fortunate with these natural gifts the country abounds in a large varieties of fish species that is 265 of freshwater finfish, 24 species of prawns in inland water bodies and 475 species of marine fish, 36 species of shrimp, 24 sp. of exotic fish The production of fish both capture and culture from these resource was 2186726 metric tons in 2008-2009 where 514644 mt were from marine fisheries (DOF, 2010).
Fisheries sector plays an important role in the agro-based economics of Bangladesh by eliminating the animal protein malnutrition to some degree, increasing employment opportunities and earning foreign exchange. It is also contributes greatly to the improvement of the socio-economic condition of poor fishers. About 12 million people are directly or indirectly dependent on the fisheries sector for their livelihood. It contributes nearly 3.74% to the national GDP and 22.23% of our agricultural income (DOF 2008-2009). Fish alone provides about 58% of the total animal protein intake. At present fish consumption per capita per year is 17.52 kg. Culture fisheries contributed 39.34% to the total fish production. A total of Tk. 3243.41 corer was earned by exporting 72888 ton of fish and fishery products in 2008- 2009 which contributed 3% of the total export earning (DOF, 2010).
There are 305025 ha ponds in Bangladesh of which at present a pond production is 2991kg/ per hectares and production from closed water bodies is approximately 39.34% of the total fish production in the country (DOF, 2010).
There are 125 finfish species which are produced in excess of 100,000 mt. per annum of which 11 are cyprinids. Freshwater culture is dominated by cyprinids. Asia leads the world in finfish culture producing over 85% of that produced globally in 1997 (De Silva, 2000).
Besides the ponds there are large numbers of ditches in Bangladesh which are not suitable for carp culture. In these ditches the air breathing fishes can be cultured, by doing so it is possible for us to fulfill the demand of our increasing population.
The science today is greatly worried about diminishing food resources and ever increasing population growth. More than half of the world population has an insufficient and nutritionally unbalanced diet. Adequate diet requires an average of about 44g per day protein being about 10 to 20g the total caloric intake.
According to FAO reports 1991, fish contains 72% water, 19% protein, 8% fat, 0.5% calcium, 0.25% phosphorus and 0.1% vitamin A, D, B and C. Some small indigenous fish species have high nutritional value in terms of protein, micro- nutrients, vitamins and minerals, and these micro-nutrients and minerals are not commonly available in other foods. Prospects for additional supply of animal protein from livestock sector of Bangladesh also seem to be challenging because of non- availability of enough grazing lands and fodder, high price of animal and poultry feeds etc. There fore, any effort to increase animal protein production must be concentrated on aquaculture since augmentation of fish production from rivers and estuaries is quite different, we should depend on pond culture for increasing and dependable supply of fish, generating employment scope and alleviating poverty in the rural areas (FAO/ UNDP, 1995).
Like other area in this country. Rajshahi abounds in the large number of standing water bodies such as lakes, ponds, swamps, ditches and marches. The city of Rajshahi including the Rajshahi University Campus has several hundred ponds and ditches of various sizes. These water bodies are chief sources of fresh water for domestic, industrial and agricultural uses. Rajshahi University Campus has more than 40 small and large ponds (16), swamps, ditches under pisci-culture for the last decades these are used as ether rearing or stocking pond for pisciculture, Most of the culture ponds are leased out to the local people.
STATUS OF FISH CULTURE
Fish culture is the rational cultivation of fish in confined water mass, where rearing is not left to the mercy of nature. Fish culture involves the production of fish in given water mass far above the level that is naturally obtaining. This is made possible by not only controlling the feeding, growth and breeding of fish, but also controlling the characteristics of water mass. These measures are directed towards improvement of the annual yield, which may reach even 10 ton per hectare per year. The success of fish culture as a trade lies mainly in the profit earned from the production, which in turn-is determined by the difference between the value of the fish harvested after a given time) and the cost of investments made in the fish farming (Srivastava, 2000).
The aim of fish culture is mainly the production of fish for human food. Besides, the fish culture is also practiced for re-stocking of the natural water bodies, or for the production of ornamental fish. Restocking of the open water bodies with hatchery reared young fish is done generally for recreation purpose, for example in the case of the game fishing ponds (Srivastava, 2000).
Fish culture practices may be classified in several ways, depending upon the several different aspects upon which emphasis is laid/ singly or jointly in a particular consideration. Three important considerations are given below:
Fish culture practices may be clarified into three different kinds on economic and commercial consideration, depending upon the motive of farming: extensive, intensive and semi-intensive.
· Extensive fish culture: Extensive fish culture is the least managed fish farming. Although the pond may be large, little care is taken with regarded to its improvement. A modest yield, raised on the natural food, nothing more than the natural production, is obtained.
· Intensive fish culture: Intensive fish culture on the other hand is one in which an all-out attempt is made to achieve maximum production of fish from a minimum quantity of water. It is best managed form of fish farming, in which fish are fed on artificial food and the pond is improved by use of fertilizers. In such a case the small size of the pond not withstanding the production of fish is very high (over 6000 kg/ha/yr) and of high quality fish. Although the cost of investments is also high, the return from the yield far exceeds it to ensure a great profit in the trade.
· Semi-intensive fish culture: Semi-intensive fish culture is anything between the first two kinds (Srivastava, 2000).
Fish culture practices may be classified into six basic categories, each with its own characteristics, depending on the nature of the water mass, used and the manner of farming:
· Pond fish culture: In this case, the water mass consists of natural or artificially erected freshwater ponds. It is the commonest of all methods.
· Culture in man-made reservoirs: Culture in man-made reservoirs Fresh water mass held back by the dam on rivers is used.
· Paddy cum fish culture: In this case, the paddy-fields that are inundated with water are used for cultivation offish.
· Brackish water fish culture: open or embanked estuaries with waters of varying salinities, afford low lying, shallow fields under water for fish rising.
· Coastal fish culture (Mari culture): Marine species of fish are cultivated in marine coastal waters alone.
· Salt pan culture: In off-seasons of salt manufacture, the salt pans are utilized of fish culture (Srivastava, 2000).
Classification of fish culture practices based on special operational techniques is as follows:
· Cage culture: Here the fish to be cultured are held in a section of water of a flowing river by being imprisoned in a cage of metal or bamboo structure, supporting wire, nylon or split-bamboo mesh mats. It is rather recent practice but with great promise.
· Pen culture: This is simply an enclosure, often along banks and shores, of some devices, which utilizes the bank or the shoreline as one of its sides. Fishes are then raised in this enclosure.
There is yet another way of classification based on the number of species cultivated at a time, Following three types are distinguished:
· Monoculture: In this case fish farming in a certain water body is confined to a single species.
· Mono-sex culture: In this case, only one sex, either the male or the female, of a single species is cultivated in a water body.
· Poly culture: In this case, more than one species is raised simultaneously in the same water body.
Fish culture practices may also be classified on considerations of climatic factors:
· Warm water culture: This concerns water masses of the tropics and plains.
· Cold water culture: This involves culture practices conducted in springs, pools or lakes of hills and high altitudes (Srivastava, 2000).
Fish is an important source of protein which provides 63% animal protein to human (Chowdhury, 2001). It contains all the ten essential amino acids in desirable concentration for human beings and available at cheaper rates (Menon, 1991). Fish also contains minerals, vitamin ‘A’ and ‘D’, fats, carbohydrates (Gerking, 1967).
Due emphasis should be given to boost up fish production in our country. Appropriate scientific knowledge and management technique must be taken to increase fish production by improving the present fish culture practice.
The carp fishes of our country are accepted to all classes of people, from the highest to the lowest status (Mohsin, 1999). From the socio-economic point of view, the large mass of people in our country belong to the lower category and they adopt to in take small fishes as one of their popular food as they can riot afford big fishes because of their high price. But nowadays the small fishes are decreasing gradually for various In fluency factors, so, these lower category (poor) people can afford to purchase 100 to 250 gm of carp fishes (especially silver carp) only to fulfill their protein needs because this size of carp fishes (specially silver carp) art; purchased cheaply (Mohsin, 1999). The higher class of people has intent desires and is very interested in purchasing large size carp fish (especially rohu, catla, and common carp). In fact, some species of carp viz., rohu and catla are always attractive to well to do families and higher classes people in our society. More over in respective to socio-economic status, those who cannot digest meat, have to fulfill their protein needs by consuming in land carp fish mainly. There are some fishes, which are not acceptable by the people as food, but the acceptance of carps are universal.
There is a total of 265 species of freshwater fin fishes (DOF, 2010). But most of these fish species may not be cultivated in pond. Ponds are the most important yielding field for various fish species. Selection of cultivable fish species in pond depend on the availability of spawn, feeding habit, rapid growth, consumer demand, marketing value etc. of these species. Presently, there has been a great demand of carp species in urban markets as well as the rural area and most of the fish farmers follow the mixed carp culture method by semi-intensive and intensive way (Hossain, 2003). Simply the productivity of pond for carp culture depends on various physico-chemical parameters, plankton, aquatic vegetation etc. It is related to various types of insects and micro-organism (Hossain, 2003). Fishes are more dependent on water temperature, pH, dissolved O2, free Co2, alkalinity and some other salts for growth and development (Nikolsky, 1963). Any changes of these parameters may effect the growth, development and maturity of fish (Nikolsky, 1963; Jhingran, 1982). The carp fish production from a pond also depends on stocking density of spawn or fry, fertilization and finally as well as the proper manager carp bighead carp, common carp etc. The present study helps to know the present status of fish culture (carp culture) in the pond of the study area. It also helps to select the suitable crop culture method in the pond and also the cost analysis of this culture method.
Better carp production of ponds would be able to supply fish protein the poorer section of the population and thus will increases the annual in take of protein of the population of our country.
Objectives of the research work
The present work was conducted for a period of six months of ponds of Rajshahi University campus from October 2010 to march 2011. The main
Objective of the study is to evaluate the production of fish (mainly fingerling) by the methods followed by the growers of this area.
· To study the physical characteristics of the cultured ponds.
· To know the person involved in fish production and preparation of the culture ponds.
· To study the stocking density and ratio of cultured species.
· To study the quality and quantity of fertilizer and supplementary feeds used is fish culture.
· To study the growth and production of cultured species.
· To study the price analysis and the economic value of this culture methods.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Chowdhury et al., (1978) reported a record fish production of 38 kg/deci/yr. in polyculture. Catla and silver carp comprising 30% of the population gave maximum yield. The growth of the bottom feeder’s mrigal and common carp were quite satisfactory. The experiment was conducted in 1971-72 and 1973-74 in combination of Indian major carps (Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala) together with Chinese silver carp (Hypophthalmicthys molitrlx), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio var. communis).
Khan and Jhingran (1975) stated that in small ponds artificial feeding double or triple the production. Artificial feedings also modify the soil and water quality of the infertile ponds. The artificial feed acts as pond fertilizer as well, He also mentioned both organic and inorganic fertilizers used in the carp nursery ponds. Fresh and semi-dried cow-dung, oil-cake, municipal compost, decaying and inorganic fertilizers were recommended by him of India. He also reported that of carps along with Indian major carps has recently been developed in India as composite fish culture.
Murty et al., (1978) conducted an experiment on composite fish culture nitrogenous fertilization with and without supplemented feed. The yields of fish obtained through fertilization along were 9.19 kg/deci/yr. as against 15.6 kg/deci/yr, growth with supplemental feed. They studied composite fish culture at Kalyani West Bengal, in a pond having an area of 37.12 kg/deci/yr, with water depth of 46 to 92 cm. A gross production of 13 kg/6 months was obtained/The pond were stocked with catla, silver carp, rohu, mrigal, grass carp and common carp.
Jhingran (1982) provided an excellent review of the progress made in India on polyculture of major carps and Chinese carps. He quoted that pond I culture division of CIFRI at cut tack had set up a new record of net production of 1 03 kg/decf/yr.
Jhingran and Puilin (1985) suggested different doses of organic and inorganic fertilizers for increasing growth and survival of fry and fingerlings.
Dinesh et al., (1986) reported that poultry manure is the best among the commonly used organic manures in India. Urea is terms of nitrogen are more economical than other nitrogenous fertilizers.
Ammen (1987) mentioned that the fish production with semi-intensive culture practice form 16 rural ponds during 1991-1982, the production ranges form 2830-3820 kg/ha/yr.
Natarajan et al. (1990) reported that cow dung at the rate of 20-30 ton/ha or poultry manure at the rate of 5000 kg/ha was known to enhance zooplankton production. For production pond of medium fertile soil, urea at the rat of 200 kg/ha/yr and super phosphate at 250 kg/ha/yr should be applied.
Pillay (1990) mentioned that, annul yield per hectare varies between farmers and regions, from 310 kg/ha in extensive farming to about 3,000 kg/ha or more in semi-intensive farming system.
Hossain (1994) performed an experiment on composite fish culture using silver carp (Hypopthalmicthys molitrix) alone with Indian major carps (Catla catla, labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala) in combination I (Silver carp: Catla: Rohu; Mrigal = 25: 25: 30: 20) and only Indian major carps In another combination II (Catla ; Roui : Mrigal = 50 : 30 : 20). Fingerlings were stocked at a rate of 30 deci. and the ponds were fertilized with cow-dung, murate of potash (MP) and triple super phosphate (TSP) at one month interval in production at the rate of 0.3 g/deci. The fish production in combination I (12.3 kg/deci.) was higher than that in combination II (11.4 kg/deci) result in the 13.765% higher net profit.
Wahab et at., (1994) reported the composite culture of Indian major carps viz. catla, rohu, mrigal, silver carp stocked at the rate of 60,6/ deci. The ponds were fertilized with cow-dung 1.4 kg/deci, + Urea 0.03 kg/deci. + TSP 0,02 kg/deci. daily, cow-dung 10.3 kg/deci. + Urea 0.2 kg/deci. + TSP 0.2 kg/deci weekly and cow-dung 22,2 kg/deci. + Urea 0.5 kg/deci. + TSP 0.4 kg/deci fortnightly. The yields of different species of fish in different treatments were 7.5 kg/deci, 6.8 kg/deci, 6.5 kg/deci, respectively.
Srivastava (2000) classified fish culture practices on consideration of climatic factors. There are warm water culture and cold water coulter.
Siddiquei (2001) quoted that the gross production of fish 40.4 kg/deci/yr. form mixed culture. The average growth of the fish was obtained 0.8-1 kg/yr.
Amaraneni (200o) conducted a study on persistence of pesticides in water, He reported that the effect of pesticides are long time present in pond water. He collected fish sample during production period and analyzed pesticides BHC, gamma - BHC [lindane] and P’-DDT.
Mazid et al., (2002) stated that indiscriminate and unplanned use of feed and fertilization with subsequent effects on water quality in pond ecosystem, correspondingly increases stress on fish and accelerates susceptibility to pathogens.
Shafi (2003) recommended that for composite culture of six major carps i.e. Catla, Rui, Mrigal, Sivler carp, Grass carp, Common carp the ideal ration of combination is 2.5:5:2.5:2:2.5. The stocking rate, in this combination should be 5000 kg/ha.
Rahman (2003) conduct a research on socio-economic aspects of care culture development of Gazipur, Bangladesh. The author found that the average annual yield of carp was 11.8 kg/deci. The result showed that 82% of farmers had improved those socio-economic conditions through carp farming.
ABSTRACT
The present study on status of fish culture was carried on 16 sampling ponds in the Rajshahi University campus during the period from October, 2010 to March, 2011. The study involved the observations made on physical characteristics, ownership system, and ponds preparation, stocking combinations of fish seeds, pond stocking management, production and cost analysis of 16 sampling ponds of which, 4 nursery ponds (pond no. 3,5,6,13), 9 rearing ponds (pond no. 2,4,7,9,10,11,12,14,15) and 3 stocking ponds (pond no. 1,8,16) were selected. The study was made to find out the difference of productivity of the ponds.
Thesis, Present, Status, Culture, Pond, Management, Practice, Rajshahi, University, Campus, Bangladesh, Catla, Rui, Mrigal, Sivler, Grass, Common, Carp, Tributaries, Canals, Haors, Baors, Estuaries, Dighis, Ponds, Tanks, Lakes, Vast, Fishing, Ground, Bay-of-Bengal, Fish, Fishery, Production
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