Posted on 2nd Oct 2024 12:49:11 PM Public Administration
New Public Management (NPM) is n approach in public administration that, knowledge and experiences acquired in business management and other disciplines to improve efficiency, effectiveness and a general performance of public services in modern bureaucracy.
NPM in one kind of management which gives the importance on consumers and citizens.
Simply stated accountability is the responsibility to account for an explain actions undertaken.
Accountability is very important factor for the proper functioning or success of any organization. An organization without account ability cannot reach it’s expected definition. Due to absence to NPM most of the organization are tail to perform their duties. In that situation NPM is such concept or theory, which can ensure accountability and increase efficiency of an organization by minimizing cost to NPM.
Various author published literature an accountability and NPM. In this paper we will revering literature and we will try to nelate NPM and accountability. These six articles and authors names are given below-
Traditional Public Administration versus the new public management: Accountability versus efficiency. -James p. pfiffner
The new public management and a new accountability. -PETER BARBERIS
Significance of accountability under the new approach to public governance. -M. Shamsul Haque
Changing concepts of decentralization: old public administration and new pubic management in the asian contest. -Ian Scott
Public Accountability of autonomous public organization. -Guy Peters
And Models of public administration reform: “New public management (NPM)”- -ROMEO B. OCAMPO
The new public management (NPM) is based on the assumption that management is generic and an instrumental activity, embodying a set of principles, which can be applied to private as well as public sectors (Painter, 1988). These assumptions are not new and data back to ‘scientific management’ of Taylor (1911). However, since the mid 1980s the idea have been reincarnated. The basis for NPM lay in reversal of two cardinal doctrins of contemporary public administration, namely removing the distinction between public and private sectors and shifting emphasis from process accountability to results (Hood, 1995).
This chapter we know the background and emergence of NPM, definition of NPM characteristic to NPM, element of NPM, finally we will make a conclusion.
Background and emergence of NPM
Public management reform has become an important subject of research in last two decaden in many developed and developing countries. It has become important because it is related to improving the effectiveness of the government. NPM aims at the replacement of traditional model.
It general management of social capital has to be discussed as a system of NPM, since researchers and critics have a specific and systematic concept such as anactual process, decision making and evaluation standard for public management target. On the other hard at Japan and at many other countries definition of NPM varies very much, although necessary functions of NPM can be defined as follows-
Enable efficient pubic management and investment.
Enable selection of optimal countermeasures for public target.
Fulfill accountability and process transparency.
In order to provide a new concept of NPM for social capital, it is necessary to demonize and evaluate methodology or process of existing what is called “NPM” systems. Public management can be divided to investment/planning work and routine public service work as well as investment planning and public administration.
Planning procedures for investment are to make an appropriate investment plan, to execute a plan, and to improve a plan which themselves are the procedure of the NPM. On the other hard, appropriate public service works are output of the improvement procedure of NPM systems as well as that of investment plan. The traditional management improvement cycle of the private firms which is well known as “Plan do check Action” cycle is what deployed at public management for the same improvement purpose. Either for investment pan on for public service works fundamental procedure and activities are the same as should below.
Social capital or infrastructures from hardware to software are the be planned to be constructed, and to be operated, to be maintained in a single management system in order to provide public services to citizens for a long term efficiently and steadily, As a result of NPM system, investment plan has to assure future service level and efficient maintenance and maintenance system has to assure optimized function to maintain service level efficiently. Asset management system for social capital or infrastructures is an actual example of the output of NPM system procedure for efficient management system.
Various scholars defined NPM as various names, Such as-
Managerialism (Pollitt-1990)
NPM (Hood-1991)
Market based public Administration
(Lan and Rosen Bloom-1992)
Re-invention of government (Osborne and Gaebler i 1992)
Post bureaucratic model (1992)
Notably NPM and managerialism are used as similar in many times.
There are no specific reason for emerging NPM. There Hood offers four possibilities for its acceptance from different points of views. These are-
As a passing fad or fashion: Where there is a trend of new fad or fashion comes in the market that generally consumer accept it.
As a cargo phenomenon: Unlimited resonation is also a features of the NPM. Failurness gives chances to exercise and achieve success to management section.
Attraction between the opposing ideas of state led economic development and liberal economies: The origins of NPM can be explained as a marriage to two opposing streams of ideas of public choice theories and transactions cost economic theories with the latest set of business type managerial being practiced.
As a response to special set of social conditions: Some special conditions also relates in the emergence of NPM. Those are given below-
Changes in income and distribution
Trends of industrialization
Invention of new technologies
New political behaviour.
They are major five factors of emerging NPM. Those are-
Identity the public rector. Large and expensive public sectors to cut and increase efficiency.
For an example- BTTB was a large and expensive public service govt. company. By imposing NPM now it is known as BTCL and it is seen that its efficiency is increased.
There have been massive technological invention over the year particularly intimation technology.
For an example- Traditionally in operating office management there was no modern instrument like computer fax etc. But now-a-days with the invention of those total management operating system is changed and it is may be called NPM.
Globalization of economy with increasing competition has become order of the day now a days due to globalization on tree market economy, the competition among the different company is increase who to serve the customer within very short period and to cop up these.
It has become inhabitable to liberalise the economic sector. As a result to inefficiency, bureaucratic management, corruption, mismanagement etc. will be reduced.
For an example- Recently Bangladesh government try to initiate online tender system to remove inefficiency, bureaucratic management, corruption, mismanagement etc.
In the competitive would the people are demanding the quality goods and service.
For an example- Due to increasing demand of quality product and service the respective service provider on company use modern system to serve the customer best.
So the emerging of NPM is heed to the world.
Definition of New public management
New pubic management add a new dimension in public administration. It is vast in the theoretical basis than the post edition. NPM are used to give strategic importance of public administration. New model of public management are used today steady of old model to public management. So, it is the new edition of old public administration.
New public management:
NPM was originated in the late 1980s and early 1990s. NPM is one kind of management which gives the importance on consumers and citizen’s and also ensure accountability to the results. Many scholars have given various definitions in different angle of views some schalars definition to NPM are given below-
In 1983 Garson and Over man defined NPM- “ An enter disciplinary study to the generic aspects of administration...a blend of the planning, organizing and controlling functional of management with the management of human, financial, physical, information and political resources,
The modern or recent definition which was given be vigoda is 2003 is- “New public Management is an approach in public administration that employ, knowledge and experiences acquired in business management and other disciplines to improve efficiency, effectiveness and a general performance of public services in modern bureaucracy.”
In 1992 Osborne and gaebler said in the book of Reinventing Government”- “ NPM is a revolt against values to traditional bureaucracy and a belief that the public sector can be transformed by the power of leadership, the introduction of market mechanisms, a focus on results and decentralizing power.
According to guy peters- “NPM is an admonition to replace traditional germs of hierarchical management and traditional civil service pay and grading systems, with a significantly greater use of personal contracts of managing public employees.”
In 1991 Rhodes RAW said- “The new public management has the following central doctrines, a focus on management, not policy and on performance appraisal and efficiency; the desegregation each of each other on a user-pay basis the case of quasi markets and contracting out to foster competition cost cutting and a style of management which emphasis amongest other things, output forgests, limited term, contracts, monetary incentives and freedom of manage.”
According to pollitt: “NPM is defined as a vision, an ideology or (more prosacially) a bundle of particular management approaches and techniques (many of them borrowed form the private for profit sector).”
Discussing above now we can say that new public management is such kind of administrative activities which has no universality and it is conducted in various ways in various countries. It represents the development of public services, accountability and consumer satisfaction and such types of reform activities.
Characteristics of new public Management
New public management consists of some special features or characteristics. These are discussed below-
Privatization: Privatization can be recommended from the standpoint of public choice theory, the neo-austrian school, and property rights theory. But proposal to privatize came from rationally oriented management scholars (specially drucker 1969).
Separation of Provision and production: The separation of provision and product can best be derived from the model of a polycentric administrative system of the ostroms, but such recommendations came from drucker too.
Contracting out: Contacting out can be seen as a cure from the standpoint of rational oriented management and from stand point of humanistically oriented management. An great influence came from transaction costs economics. But public choice scholars like Niskanen recommended it too. It contracting out means to strengthen community organizations it is even demanded by emancipatarics.
User charges: The invention of user charges was mainly proposed by public choice adherents, but they can be derived from consumerist views and marketing too. The same can be said about vouchers.
Customer concept: The customer concept can be traced back directly to marketing approaches. certain details of ii like one stop shops or case management can be seen as the outcome of organic management conceptions and even of the new public conceptions and even of the new public administration.
Competition: The invention of competition to the public sector comes mainly from public choice theory. It competition is a measure to motivate departments within an organization it can also be substantiated from the perspective of organic management models.
The separation of politics and administration: The separation of politics and administration can even be traced back to the progressives and classical public administration and to the influence of policy analysis for politics and certain branches of public management.
Decentralization: Decentralization is again a concept that can be recommended on the basis to neoclassic thoughts, on the basis of public choice, transaction costs economics and on the basis of the new public management and its followers.
Accountability for performance: Accountability for performance can be traced back to classical thought and their idea to benchmark public organizations. It reappeared in neoclassical pubic administration, in policy analysis, and in the rational public management circles.
The above are the characteristics of NPM.
Elements of New Public Management
There are no similar agreement on the elements of NPM, because of its rising and widespread acceptance. Elements of NPM have been categorized by many viewers. Some of them are given below-
Hood’s view: In 1991, Hood perhaps came up with a more with a mare widely accepted framework for explaining NPM. Taking into account that different advocates of NPM have stressed different aspects of the concept, he summarized the seven overlapping doctrinal elements of the new movement. These elements of NPM are discussed below-
Hands on professional management in the public sector: This means letting the managers manage, or as hood puts it active, visible, discretionary control on organization form named persons at the top. The typical justification for this is that ‘accountability requires clear assignment of responsibility for action.’
It that point Hood want to say that the manger himself create rules and regulation of organization time to time instead of predetermined rules and regulation for increase efficiency and minimize the cost.
But this in not common in Bangladesh. Though independence of judiciary are on example of it.
Professional management may seen dangerous sometime, due to the autocratic tendency of manager.
Explicit standards and measures of performance: This requires goals to be defined and performance targets to be set, and in justified by proponents as accountability requires a “hard look” at objectives.
Greater emphasis on output controls: Resources are directed to areas according to measured performance, because of the ‘need to stress results rather that procedures.
A shift to disaggregation of units in the public sector: This involves the breaking up of large entities into corporations units around products funded separately and dealing with one another on an “arm’s length” basis. This is justified by the need to create manageable units and to gain the efficiency advantages of tranchise arrangements inside as well as outside the public sector.
A shift to greater competition in public sector: This involutes the move to term contracts and public tendering procedures and is justified as using rivalry as the key to lower costs and better standards.
A stress on private sector styles of management practice: This involves a move away form military style “public service ethic” and flexibility in hinging and rewards, and is justified by heed to use “proven” private sector management tools in the public sector.
A stress on greater discipline and parsimony in resource use: Hood sees this as cutting direct costs, raising labour discipline, resisting union demands, limiting “co-mpliance costs” to business’ and is typically justified by the ‘need to cheek resource demands of public sector and “do more with lass”.
Hughes opinion: In 1994 Hughes in of the opinion that basically four kinds of elements constitute NPM. Those are described below-
Changes to focus on outputs: The main purpose of managerial activities is to give importance to the outputs. In public management, it is important to achieve the goals , such as what does the government want? , how does it will be fulfilled? by whom it will be fulfilled or who is responsible for outputs? To achieve the goals some contents are needed. Those are-
Specify the aims and objective.
Divide the activities.
Allocation of money and activates according to the basis of hierarchy.
Evaluate the aiming etc.
Alteration to administrative inputs: There should be given more importance to the results than the components of the production in NPM. It increases competence by providing incentives.
Changes in the scope to governmental agencies: Another part of managerialism is to reduce the scope, activates and bureaucracy of the government.
Changing accountability relationship with political leadership and public: Because of insufficient relationship between political leadership and bureaucracy, the old administration model has been criticized mostly. In NPM process the manages become more responsible for results. It gives better relationship among politicians, manager and the public.
Pollitt said (1993 and 1994): Pollitt identified some elements of NPM which are given below-
Decentralizing management authority within public services.
Breaking up traditional monolithic bureaucracies into separate agencies.
Introducing market and quasi market type mechanisms to foster competition.
Clearer reparation between purchaser and provider functions.
Stress on quality responsiveness to customers.
Performance targets for managers.
Copping/fixed budget.
Changing employment relation.
In organization for economic co-operative and development (OECD) view: In OECD view there are some elements of NPM which are given below-
Improving human resources including performance pay.
Staff involvement in decision-making.
Relaxing Controls but imposing performance targets.
Using information technology.
Service to clients.
User changes.
Contracting out.
De-regulation of monopolies.
The main objective of the elements, stated above is not only to accomplish the process but also it should be taken some stress systematically. NPM is mostly a redistrict step. In public management it emphasis mostly on those elements.
Discussing above now we can say that NPM has no universality and it is one kind of management which gives the importance on customer. It has some special characteristics and elements also.
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CONTENTS
Introduction
NPM Concept
a) Background and Emergence
b) Definition
c) Characteristics
d) Elements
Accountability Concept
a) Definition
b) Types
Literature Review
a) Traditional Public Administration Versus The New Public Management: Accountability Versus Efficiency- James P. Pfiffner
b) The New Public Management and a New Accountability- PETER BARBERIS
c) Significance of accountability under the new approach to public governance-M. Shamsul Haque
d) Changing Concepts of Decentralization: Old Public Administration and New Public Management In the Asian Context Ian Scott
e) Public Accountability of Autonomous Public Organizations-Guy Peters
f) Models of Public Administration Reform: “New Public Management (NPM)” – ROMEO B. OCAMPO
Concluding Remarks
References
Term, Paper, Literature, Review, New, Public, Management, Versus, Accountability, Reflection, Concept, Nature, Dimensions
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