Posted on 3rd Oct 2024 08:10:20 PM Public Administration
Introduction:
Human Resources is one of the important assets of an organization. This is that part of an organization by which organizations carry out its functions and achieve its goals. Job satisfaction is one of the important determinants of employee behavior and performance. Nature of work, working condition, pay system, style of supervision etc constitute job satisfaction rate of an employee. Job satisfaction is a widely studied phenomenon of industrial psychology. The term job satisfaction has been explained in different ways by psychologists and scholars. As generally defined job satisfaction is an attitudinal reaction of the job. It represents the feelings of the employees about the extent of happiness or unhappiness of his job. Job satisfaction and dissatisfaction have positive or negative influences on employee’s physical and mental health. It may influence employee’s job behavior and performance. Many researchers have found remarkable impact of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction on absenteeism and turn over, safety, physical, mental, health, life status and productivity.
Statement of the Problem:
Job satisfaction has been defined by Locke (1970) as the pleasurable emotional state resulting from the perception of one’s job as fulfilling ones important job values providing these values are compatible with one’s needs. Job satisfaction as an important area of industrial relations has been a topic of prime interest of the researchers and academicians since the beginning of industrial revolution in 1760. Enormous numbers of studies on the various aspects of job have been conducted (wikipedia, 2011). Job satisfaction has very important impact on the behavior of workers in industries and the organizations. Job satisfaction is not only influence their efficiency and productivity but also affects the whole range of employer-employee relationship in organizations.
In Bangladesh a numbers of research (wikipedia, 2011) works on Job satisfaction has been found out. Most of the research works were aimed at finding out the determinants and consequences of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction impact of job satisfaction impacts on industrial productivity and labor management relationship. However a few of works in job satisfaction about lower level employees have yet been done. Most of the lower level employees are not satisfy in their job sectors because of their work hour, salary, promotion level, work pressure and environment etc. So a comparative study in job satisfaction between third and fourth class employees will help to find out the problem of employees and also some ways of solution of it.
Objectives of Research:
Every research has some specific objectives and goals. The main objective of the research is to examines compare the satisfaction level between 3rd and 4th class employees in their job. Therefore to achieve these objectives the following specific objectives have been raised:
· To evaluate the existing salary, working environment and company policy in Job satisfaction
· To examine the opportunities of promotion, recognition and achievements in Job satisfaction
· To evaluate the impact of demand of employees regarding job satisfaction
· To evaluate the impact of independent working opportunities in job satisfaction
· To make relevant suggestions for improving the level of job satisfaction amongst two class employees.
Literature Review:
The main purpose of review of literature is to identify the hiatus or knowledge gap in the field of proposed research. Job satisfaction is one of the important areas of study for social sciences because of the humanitarian values of the profession and the nature of social work practice which deals with helping clients in stress situation. While conductive these studies the following literature have been reviewed.
· A study has been done by locke (1976) and Maslack (1982), on ‘job satisfaction’. It discusses the relationships of the individual, environmental factors and job/ work related factors. However in their study the satisfaction rate of employees is not clear.
· Lise M. Sari and Timothy A. Juge (2004) in their article “Employee attitudes and Job satisfaction” discuss about the causes of employee attitudes, the results of positive or negative job satisfaction. But relevant suggestions for improving the employee’s satisfaction level are not clear here. Besides the study has been done outside of Bangladesh.
· Timothy A. Judge, Joyce E Bono work on “Job satisfaction- Job performance relationship”. In their study they showed that job satisfaction affects the job performance. However this study also has been conducted outside of Bangladesh.
· Robert W. Rice and Janet P Near, Raymond, G Hunt (1980) work on “Job satisfaction- Life satisfaction relationship”. They showed that there is a relationship between Job satisfaction and Life satisfaction. Though this study is very much relevant with my proposed study however this study is not specifically in Rajshahi University.
A lot of works on job satisfaction have been done such as- job satisfaction among medical social workers, job satisfaction among bankers, job satisfaction of teachers and women etc. But no has been found on study of job satisfaction among lower level employees specifically in the context of Rajshahi University in Bangladesh. For this reason to explore about the employees satisfaction status I want to conduct my study about the job satisfaction of lower level employees in Rajshahi University of Bangladesh.
Significance of Research:
Research is a systematic search for knowledge. It is a critical examination into a subject to discover new facts for increasing the sum total of human knowledge. It searches new facilities or the solution for various problems.
Dissatisfaction of the workers in working area is not a new phenomenon to social works. Job satisfaction is the summation of the employees feeling in four important areas namely job, management, personal adjustment and social relations. The first two areas encompass factors directly connected with the job and other two include factors not directly connected but presumed to have a bearing on job satisfaction. Job satisfaction is deals with the personnel’s work motivation and job attitudes in his/her office. So job satisfaction is important for any organization or office to make the employees more effective in work place. Job satisfaction also increases the industrial productivity and a good labor management relationship.
Variable of Study:
Job satisfaction as the keying radiant that leads to recognition, income, promotion and the achievement of other goals that lead to a general feeling of fulfillment. Job satisfaction is that, there are many factors that affect job satisfaction and that makes workers happy with their jobs varies from one worker to another.
Job satisfaction as a dependent variable depends upon a number of factors or independent variables- such as-
Amount of salary influences more than other elements in job. Most of the time, promotion opportunities, working hour, vacation, work pressure etc. also change the mental status of employees. So, these important variables finally focus on employees attitude towards job satisfaction.
Research Methodology:
Research methodology is a way to systematically conduct research. It may be understood as a science of studying how research is done systematically.
There are two types of research. Those are:
· Quantitative research
· Qualitative research
Quantitative research is the systematic investigation of quantitative properties and phenomena and their interrelationships. The objective of quantitative research is to develop and employ mathematical models, theories or hypothesis pertaining to natural phenomenon.
Qualitative research is a field of enquiry that crosscuts discipline and subject matters. Qualitative research aims at gathering an in depth understanding of human behavior and the reasons that govern human behavior. Qualitative research relies reasons behind various aspects of behavior.
Satisfaction of employees depends on employees’ ability, mentality, wants, ideological aspects etc. So this research as an abstract concept is a qualitative research.
Research Methods:
Research methods refer to the behavior and instruments used in selecting and constructing research technique. There are various kinds of research methods. Such as-
· Case study method
· Content analysis
· Observation method
· Survey method
· Documentary method
· Historical method
· Descriptive research method etc.
In this study, I have used the survey method because survey method is a technique of gathering information or data for making induction about the characteristics of a population by observing only a representative portion of them. There are also some advantages of survey method. Black Champion (1976: 86) have mentioned this. These are:
· It is possible to gather information cheaply and directly from the people;
· These method helps for comparative research;
· There are some facilities for using various data;
· It helps researcher to be conscious about important unknown socio economic problems;
· It is maintained flexible policy in social survey.
Sources of Data Collection:
There to types of source for data collection. Those are:
· Primary source
· Secondary source
Primary Source:
Primary data means the data or information which collected from primary sources. For the present study primary data means collected data from the respondents by questionnaires.
Secondary Sources:
Secondary data means data that are already available. They refer to the data, which have already been collected and analyzed by some on else.
Secondary data may either be published or unpublished. Published data are available. Such as:
a) Various publications of the central, state and local governments.
b) Various publications of foreign governments or of international bodies and their subsidiary organizations
c) Technical and trade journals
d) Book, magazines and newspapers
e) Reports and publications of various associations
f) Research reports prepared by research scholars, universities, economist etc
g) Public records and statistics, historical documents and other source.
These researches have been done by using both primary and secondary sources of data.
Data Collection Techniques:
There are many techniques for data collection. Those are:
· Observation methods
· Interview methods
· Through questionnaires
· Through schedules
It is impossible to operate an appropriate research without sufficient and accurate data. That’s why for conducting a research we need to select an appropriate data collection technique for the present study. I have use questionnaire method.
Questionnaire:
A questionnaire is a list of questions sent to a number of persons for them to answer. It secure standardized results that can be tabulated and treated statistically.
Kerlinger has said, “Questionnaire information includes factual information, opinion and attitude and reasons for behavior, opinion and attitudes”.
There are two types of questionnaires
· Close ended question
· Open ended question
Here semi structured questionnaire (both open and close ended) method has been use for collecting data in the study
Sample Size:
Generally the number of items or units from whom we obtain the required information is called the sample size. I will select 50 third and fourth class employees for data collection.
Process of Sampling:
A sampling design is a definite plan for obtaining a sample from a given population. It refers to the technique or the procedure, the researcher would adopt in selecting items for the sample. At present there are 132 employees (3rd & 4th class) in Rajshahi University. So it is not possible to collect data from all employees. So I will collect data from 50 employees (3rd and 4th class) for my research through stratified sampling. Because, there are two homogenous group employees (3rd and 4th class) here. I will collect data randomly from each group for my convenience.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTORY DISCUSSION
Introduction
Statement of the problem
Objectives of Research
Literature Review
Variables of the study
Research methodology
Research methods
Sources of data
Data collection techniques
Sample size
Process of sampling
CHAPTER TWO: BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF STUDY AREA
Rajshahi University
Emblem of University of Rajshahi
CHAPTER THREE: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Introduction
History of job satisfaction
What is job
Job satisfaction
Employee satisfaction
3rd and 4th class employees
Theories/ models of job satisfaction
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
Salary
Working Hour
Promotion opportunities
Vacation
Working environment
Working pressure
Relation with Colleagues and Boss
CHAPTER FIVE: EVALUATION OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER SIX: RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION
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