Posted on 4th Oct 2024 08:05:41 PM Fisheries
1.1 General Introduction
Bangladesh has a vast area of water resources. The country is fortunate with large number of rivers with their tributaries numbering about 700 and canals, baors, estuaries, ditches, pond, tanks, lakes and vast fishing ground of the Bay of Bengal. About 5,28,390 ha closed inland water, 4,047,316 ha open inland water, 67,51,000 ha. of marine waters are available in Bangladesh. The water bodies abound in a large variety of fish and fisheries organisms. There are about 260 fresh water species in Bangladesh.
According to 2009-2010 statistics, the sector contributes about 3.74% to the total GDP and 2.7% to the country total export earning. Fisheries sector accounts about 22.23% of country total agricultural income. The production statistics of fish during 2009-10 showed that total fish production of about 28.99 lakh mt. where annual total fish demand about 32.72 lakh mt. The vast water resources of our country bear immense potential to meet the demand of increasing population through undertaken programmatic efforts (such as community participation, human resource development, technology dissemination, infrastructure development, long term policy marking etc.) for sustainable fish production. The country has enormous potentiality for the development of brackish water aquaculture and enough marine water resources in the Bay of Bengal. The country has a coast line of 710 km and marine water area (Exclusive Economic Zone) of 41040 square nautical miles (DoF, 2010).
FAO, 2005 ranked Bangladesh as sixth largest aquaculture producing country with its estimated production of 856,956 tones in 2003. Aquaculture accounted for about 39.34% of the total fish production during 2008-2009, with inland open water fisheries contributed 41.0% (DoF, 2010).
Per capita fish consumption is still lower (17.52 kg/annul) than that of the minimum requirement, 20.44 kg/annul (DoF, 2010). Malnutrition is found as a very common problem in rural Bangladesh. Livestock can assist to solve such problem but the lack of sufficient pasture land as a marked problem for the development of this sector. Aquaculture is only the cheapest way to supply protein in the diet of rural people. It is also proved as a profitable means as compared to other sectors in Bangladesh.
The fish production from open waters is dramatically decreased day by day due to some manmade and natural causes. So, aquaculture is found as the easy way to increase fish production in Bangladesh. To meet the increasing demand for protein in Bangladesh, adoption of intensive and extensive culture practices on certain selective species of fishes is very important. Induced spawning has opened the door of new era in the production of fish throughout the world. For intensive and extensive fish culture it is necessary to ensure the supply of suitable sized good quality fish seed in sufficient quantities. The main source of fish seeds in Bangladesh are spawn produced in government and private hatcheries, and some collected from rivers.
The seed collected from natural breeding grounds have many problems such as the inclusion of seed of predatory fishes or disease. Wild seed is collected and handled in crude and unscientific methods that can potentially lead to large scale mortality during transportation from collection centers to nursery ponds and also in the nursery ponds after release. For proper planning, management and sustainable development of hatcheries it is necessary to identify the specific problems and requirements of an area (Bhuiyan et. al., 2008).
The number of existing farms and hatcheries for fish seed production is less than the actual requirement in Bangladesh. At present the number of hatchery is 931 in which 77 are public and 854 are private (DoF, 2011). In 2009-2010, spawn production was 465396 kg (DoF, 2011). About 98% fry of the country is produced by the hatcheries (Amin, 2002). It seems that the establishment of new hatcheries is playing an active role in fish production.
1.2 Aquaculture
Aquaculture may be defined as the controlled production, propagation and rearing of aquatic organisms of economic importance in a controlled environment such as ponds, channels and enclosures, using a higher density of cultured aquatic organisms than in normally found in nature. Aquaculture is not a new practice in rural Bangladesh. Village ponds have been used for rearing fishes for generations, although production has been mainly extensive rather than intensive.
1.3 Fry rearing
Bangladesh has 1.29 million ponds covering an area of about 0.14 million hectares of land area, together with a large area of haors, baors, beels, lakes and natural depressions, which are most potential for fish farming (Tsai and Ali, 1997). Availability of carp fry is the most important factor in determining the success of closed water aquaculture. From the beginning the rivers were the major source of carp seed production in Bangladesh. Millions of eggs and spawns were collected from the rivers during monsoon (May-August). In 1984 the spawn production in Bangladesh was estimated to be 23567 kg from all hatcheries (Tsai and Ali, 1997). But the due to the destruction of natural availability of carp seed the aquaculture venture has become dependent on the hatchery produced fry.
So, for a successful fish culture it is essential to cultivate fish in three stages of their life history. The three stages are i) fry rearing in nursery ponds, ii) fingerlings in rearing ponds and iii) older fingerlings in stocking pond. The ultimate fish crop from the stocking ponds, therefore, will largely depend upon the success achieved in rearing the fish in the two preceding stages.
Selection of fish species plays an important role for any culture practice. Stocking density of different fish species in a poly culture system also plays a vital role on overall production of fish. Higher density of a species may affect the growth of another species. Similarly lower density of a species may reduce the overall production. Among the fish species mirror carp make up the backbone of the carp farming system in Bangladesh. The exotic fish mirror carp is a bottom dweller fish.
Classification
Phylum: Chordata
Sub-phylum: Vertebrata
Class: Osteichthyes
Order: Cypriniformes
Family: Cyprinidae
Genus: Cyrpinus
Species: C. carpio var. specularis
Local name: Mirror carp
Scientific Name: C. carpio var. specularis
Source: Mirror carp was first transplanted in Bangladesh from Nepal in 1979 by DoF.
1.4 Body shape and colour
In adult stage mirror carp is covered with one row of glossy mirror like scales. Body colour is light brownish or yellowish red. Head is narrow, dorsal and ventral profiles are equally convex.
1.5 Habit and habitat
Mirror carp is a bottom dwelling fish. In immature stage it feeds zooplankton, but in mature stage it takes algae, plankton, aquatic plants insects, mud etc. It also likes benthos.
1.6 Spawning biology/Breeding biology
1. Under culture condition the growth rate of mirror carp is very high.
2. It attains a weight of 0.6-0.8 kg in first year; 1.0-1.5 kg in second year; 2.0-2.5kg in third year and 3.0-3.5 kg in the fourth year.
3. It becomes sexually mature within one year.
4. The male have highly developed testes and some have abdomens bulging as conspicuously as those of gravid females.
5. Testes of some males may weigh as much as 20% to 30% of total body weight. (Jhingran and Pullin, 1985).
6. In Bangladesh, the spawning season of mirror carp is once in January to March and the other once in July to August.
7. It breeds in closed water. Besides natural spawning it can also be propagated semi -artificially or fully artificially by hypophysation techniques.
8. The fecundity of female mirror carp ranges between 90,000 to 140000 eggs/kg body weight (Hussain et al. 1994).
Anyone of common carp or mirror carp will be cultured in a pond.
A number of studies have been performed on the effects of stocking density (Backiel and Le Cren 1967: Davis et al., 1984; Haque et al., 1993) on survival and growth of fry and fingerlings in different environmental conditions at different geographical locations, the results of which varied from one experiment to another.
Thus the present study of mirror carp was conducted with a view to serve the following objectives-
· To know the growth of fries from different stocking density of exotic mirror carp in ponds.
· To know the growth performance of mirror carp fry in nursery management system.
· To know the water quality parameters of study ponds.
ABSTRACT
The research work was conducted to “Fry Rearing of Exotic Mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio var. specularis) in Ponds” from 6th October to 13th November, 2011. The experiment was carried out under rearing pond with three treatments group each having three replicates. The stocked fries (Cyprinus carpio var. specularis) were collected from fish seed farm in Rajshahi. The stocking density was maintained at 14g/dec (T1), 12g/dec (T2), 10g/dec (T3) respectively. Fishes were fed same diet in three different treatments consisting of rice bran (20%), wheat flour (20%) and mustard oil cake (60%) at the rate of 6-10% of body weight. The Physico-chemical characteristics of pond water were measured weekly. The mean values of some water quality parameters such as temperature (°C) were 30.41 ±1.15 (T1), 30.38±1.08 (T2), 30.45±1.10 (T3); dissolved oxygen (mg/l) 6.79±0.45 (T1), 6.71±0.38 (T2), 7.02±0.29 (T3); carbon dioxide (mg/l) 6.93±0.43 (T1), 6.72±0.45 (T2), 6.83±0.42 (T3) and pH 7.05±0.15 (T1), 7.07±0.16 (T2), 7.12±0.20 (T3); transparency (cm) 40.00±0.90 (T1), 39.74±0.51 (T2), 39.93±0.70 (T3) from 35 days respectively. Sampling was also done weekly. The mean value of final weight (g) was 0.07±0.03 (T1), 0.08±0.4 (T2), 0.11±0.04 (T3). The survival rate of Cyprinus carpio var. specularis was 54.20% (T1), 62.90% (T2), 74.56% (T3) respectively. The highest survivability was found in T3. The production (kg/ha) of Cyprinus carpio var. specularis was 76.32±4.96 (T1), 77.60±5.19 (T2), 91.04±6.02 (T3) respectively. The highest production was found in T3. Among three treatments the production was very significant (p< 0.05). The C.B.R. was for (T1) 1:1.3, for (T2) 1:1.4 and for (T3) 1:1.8 respectively.
CONTENTS
Acknowledgements
Abstract
Contents
List of Tables
List of Figure
List of Plates
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 General Introduction
1.2 Aquaculture
1.3 Fry rearing
1.4 Body shape and colour
1.5 Habit and habitat:
1.6 Spawning biology/Breeding biology:
CHAPTER-TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Physico-chemical parameters
2.2 Biological parameters
2.3 Food and feeding in the nursery/rearing pond
2.4 Growth and production
CHAPTER-THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Study area
3.2 Period of the study
3.3 Design of the experiment
3.4 Management techniques of rearing ponds
3.5 Use of supplementary feeds
3.6 Study of physico-chemical parameters
3.7 Data processing and analysis
3.7.1 Growth parameters
3.7.2 Statistical Analysis
3.8 Production and cost analysis
CHAPTER-FOUR: OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS
4.1 Physical characteristics of the study ponds
4.2 Water quality parameters
4.2.1 Weekly variation:
4.2.2 Mean variation
4.3 Growth performance of fry in rearing pond during 35 days of rearing
4.4 Survival rate
4.5 Cost Benefit Analysis
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION
5.1 Physical Characteristics of the rearing ponds
5.2 Pond preparation
5.3 Water quality parameters
5.4 Stocking of fry
5.5 Post-stocking management
5.6 Growth performance of fries
5.7 Survival rate
5.8 Production
CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSION
References
LIST OF TABLES
Table-1: Design of the experiment
Table-2: Quantity of the pesticide, lime and fertilizer which use during pond preparation
Table-3: Sources of water in pond
Table-4: Name and origin of the stocked fish species
Table-5: Stocking density of fry
Table-6: Amount of supplementary feed
Table-7: Quantity of supplementary feed used during the study pond.
Table-8: Physical characteristics of the study pond
Table-9: Variation in water quality parameters under different treatments at 1st week.
Table-10: Variation in water quality parameters under different treatments at 2nd week.
Table-11: Variation in water quality parameters under different treatments at 3rd week.
Table-12: Variation in water quality parameters under different treatments at 4th week.
Table-13: Variation in water quality parameters under different treatments at 5th week.
Table-14: Average water quality parameters under different treatments during the study period
Table-15: Growth performance of fries of three different treatments at 1st week
Table-16: Growth performance of fries of three different treatments at 2nd Week
Table-17: Growth performance of fries of three different treatments at 3rd Week
Table-18: Growth performance of fries of three different treatments at 4th Week
Table-19: Growth performance of fries of three different treatments at 5th Week
Table-20: Mean growth performance of fries of three different treatments after 35 days
Table-21: Average survival rate of mirror carp fries in different treatments
(i) Cost benefit analysis of mirror carp fry (during 35 days) in rearing system (1 ha):
(ii) Revenue for different treatment
Table-22: Comparative analysis of CBR in different treatment
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure-1: Showing the study area (Indicating Rajshahi University Campus)
Figure-2: Showing the percentage of supplementary feed used in rearing pond
Figure-3: Showing the average water depth of nursery ponds during study period at 1st fortnight and 2nd fortnight.
Figure-4: Average water temperature under three treatments during study period
Figure-5: Average dissolved oxygen under three treatments during study period
Figure-6: Average CO2 under three treatments during study period
Figure-7: Average pH under three treatments during study period
Figure-8: Average transparency under three treatments during study period
Figure-9: Different hydrographical parameters under three treatments during study period
Figure-10: Growth performance of culture species in terms of weight gain (g) under three treatments
Figure-11: Growth performance of culture species in terms of final weight (g) under three treatments
Figure-12: Survival rate of cultured species under three treatments during the study period
Figure-13: Comparative production of cultured species under three treatments during the study period
Figure-14: Specific growth rate (SGR) under three treatments during the study period
Figure-15: Showing the Survival rate in different treatment
Figure-16: Showing the total cost and income (Tk/ha) of different treatment
LIST OF PLATES
Plate-1: Showing the control of aquatic weed from the rearing pond
Plate-2: Liming in the rearing pond
Plate-3: Preparation of supplementary feed
Plate-4: Showing the supplementary feed used in the study pond
Plate-5: Showing the length measurement of some fries of mirror carp
Plate-6: Showing the weighing of some fries of mirror carp
Plate-7: Plate-: Showing the releasing of fries (Mirror carp)
Thesis, Fry, Rearing, Exotic, Mirror, Carp, Cyprinus, Carpio, Specularis, Aquaculture, Chordata, Vertebrata, Osteichthyes, Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae, Cyrpinus, Ponds, Canals, Baors, Estuaries, Ditches, Tanks, Lakes, Vast, Fishing, Bay, Bengal, Bangladesh
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