Posted on 5th Oct 2024 07:39:26 PM Fisheries
INTRODUCTION
Bangladesh is enriched with vast natural resources. Fish and fisheries play a vital role in the economy of the country. It is a small country with an area of about 1.47. 570 km2 within 20°34¢ to 26°38¢ north latitude and 88°01¢ to 90°40¢ east longitude.
The climate condition of Bangladesh is characterized by hot, rainy, humid summer and dry mild winter. Bangladesh is being a riverine country, It is very much potential for production of fisheries items. The main source of protein in our diet is fish. Presently fish protein is said to be more healthier and cholesterol free, and the adults are advised to take much fish than meat. Fishes can play positive role in the increment of the national health. Next to meat fish is the only protein which contains all the essential amino acids in about right proportion and so called as “complete protein”.
The total resources of the country including inland open water 4047.316 ha which is contributing 38.68% of total fish catch and inland close water 388.341 ha which contributing 40.01% of fish harvest.
These water bodies abound in large varieties of fisheries items. There are 260 indigenous species, 12 exotic species of fresh water and 475 species of marine water fishes (Rahman, 1989).
In spite of having such potential resources, we are not getting expected fish production. Per capita fish consumption is still lower (17.52 kg/annul) than that of the minimum requirement, 20.44 kg/annul (DoF, 2010). Malnutrition is found as a very common problem in rural Bangladesh. Livestock can assist to solve such problem but the lack of sufficient pasture land as a marked problem for the development of this sector. Aquaculture is only the cheapest way to supply protein in the diet of rural people. It is also proved as a profitable means as compared to other sectors in Bangladesh.
In past, people had very little interest for aquaculture as they met their protein requirement through capturing fish from open waters. But the fish production from open waters is dramatically decreased due to some manmade and natural causes. So, aquaculture is found as the easy way to increase fish production in Bangladesh. To meet the increasing demand for protein in Bangladesh, adoption of intensive and extensive culture practices on certain selective species of fishes is very important. Induced spawning has opened the door of new era in the production of fish throughout the world. For intensive and extensive fish culture it is necessary to ensure the supply of suitable sized good quality fish seed in sufficient quantities. The main source of fish seeds in Bangladesh are spawn produced in government and private hatcheries, and some collected from rivers.
The seed collected from natural breeding grounds have many problems such as the inclusion of seed of predatory fishes or disease. Wild seed is collected and handled in crude and unscientific methods that can potentially lead to large scale mortality during transportation from collection centers to nursery ponds and also in the nursery ponds after release. Therefore, emphasis should be placed on expansion of hatchery facilities to supply high quality fish seed required to support aquaculture development. For proper planning, management and sustainable development of hatcheries it is necessary to identify the specific problems and requirements of an area (Bhuiyan et. al., 2008).
The number of existing farms and hatcheries for fish seed production is less than the actual requirement in Bangladesh. At present the number of hatchery is 931 in which 77 are public and 854 are private (DoF, 2010). In 2008-2009, spawn production was 276,481 kg (DoF, 2004). But in 2008-2009 spawn production from hatcheries was 4,60,354 kg (FRSS, 2007). About 98% fry of the country is produced by the hatcheries (Amin, 2002). It seems that the establishment of new hatcheries is playing an active role in fish production.
Fry Rearing (Fingerling Production)
Bangladesh has 1.29 million ponds covering an area of about 0.14 million hectares of land area, together with a large area of haors, baors, beels, lakes and natural depressions, which are most potential for fish farming (Tsai and Ali, 1997). Availability of carp fry is the most important factor in determining the success of closed water aquaculture. From the beginning the rivers were the major source of carp seed production in Bangladesh. Millions of eggs and spawns were collected from the rivers during monsoon (May-August). In 1984 the spawn production in Bangladesh was estimated to be 23567 kg from all hatcheries (Tsai and Ali, 1997). But the due to the destruction of natural availability of carp seed the aquaculture venture has become dependent on the hatchery produced fry.
So, for a successful fish culture it is essential to cultivate fish in three stages of their life history. The three stages are i) fry rearing in nursery ponds, ii) fingerlings in rearing ponds and iii) older fingerlings in stocking pond. The ultimate fish crop from the stocking ponds, therefore, will largely depend upon the success achieved in rearing the fish in the two preceding stages.
Selection of fish species plays an important role for any culture practice. Stocking density of different fish species in a poly culture system also plays a vital role on overall production of fish. Higher density of a species may affect the growth of another species. Similarly lower density of a species may reduce the overall production. Among the fish species that make up the backbone of the carp farming system in Bangladesh is Labeo rohita. There should be a compatibility of species with diversified feeding habits that includes the whole range from omnivorous to macro-vegetation feeding fish species. The Indian major carp Labeo rohita have been characterized as mid feeder (Agrawal and Mitul, 1992).
Development of suitable techniques of nursing and rearing of larvae is very important to ensure reliable and regular supply of fish fingerlings. Successful controlled method of fry nursing depends on a proper knowledge of nutritional and environmental requirement of the larvae in the aquatic ecosystem (Mollah, 1985). Lack of proper care and understanding about the biotic and abiotic factors in the rearing system may result in mass mortality of young fry (Jhingran and Pullin, 1985).
Fertilization of nursery ponds for developing plankton plays major role in growth and survival of fry/fingerlings for optimizing production. In nursery and rearing ponds it is thus imperative to produce sufficient quantity of plankton through fertilization. Both organic and inorganic fertilizers were used for increasing plankton production in nursery ponds with varying results. Organic fertilizer has certain advantages over that of inorganic fertilizers. Different kinds of manures such as poultry dropping, cow dung, sheep dung and goat dung are suitable substitutes against costly feeds and inorganic fertilizers (Jhingran and Sharma, 1980). Among the organic manure, poultry dropping is the best one because it contain more nitrogen and phosphorus which play a vital role for primary production (David et al, 1969). According to the authors (David et al., 1969), chicken manure is the best as it contains highly soluble inorganic salts unlike other organic manures and is required in small quantities. Rapport et al., (1977) reported chicken manure as the most efficacious and profitable manure in promoting fish growth. Sometimes, decomposition of organic fertilizers exerts an oxygen demand and excessive application may result in depletion of dissolved oxygen (Schroeder, 1974). Therefore, it should be applied very carefully to avoid the above situation.
Normally the quantity of feed consumed increases with increase in size of the fry in the ponds and consequently the quantity of plankton be increased when the fry have grown to a large size. If the sufficient supply/production of plank tonic food (eg. Rotifer) in the rearing pond can not be ensured in the case it is better to adapt the fry on supplementary feed. The unconsumed feed also acts as a fertilizer resulting in highest plankton production.
A number of studies have been performed on the effect of fertilizers (Nandeesha et al., 1984; Dhawan and Toor, 1989; Shankar and Varghese, 1981; Mitra et al., 1987) on growth and production of carps and some on the effects of stocking density (Backiel and Le Cren 1967: Davis et al., 1984; Haque et al., 1993) on survival and growth of fry and fingerlings in different environmental conditions at different geographical locations, the results of which varied from one experiment to another. Therefore, taking the previous research findings as good references we need continuous improvement of technologies of future higher production. So, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of different stocking densities on the survival and growth of cam fry.
Fertilization of nursery ponds for developing plankton plays major role in growth and survival of fry/fingerlings for optimizing production. In nursery and rearing ponds it is thus imperative to produce sufficient quantity of plankton through fertilization. Both organic and inorganic fertilizers were used for increasing plankton production in nursery ponds with varying results.. Different kinds of manures such as cow dung, suitable substitutes against costly feeds and inorganic fertilizer (Jhingran and Sharma, 1980).
Thus the present study was conducted with a view to serve the following objectives-
· To know the growth of fingerlings from different stocking density of Labeo rohita in ponds.
· To know the Growth performance of Labeo rohita fry in nursery management system.
· To know the water quality parameters of study ponds.
ABSTRACT
The research work was conducted to “Fingerling production technique of Indigenous Major Carp, Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1882) in Ponds” from 14th August to 14th October-2011. The experiment was carried out under rearing pond with three treatments group each having three replicates. The stocked fries (Labeo rohita) were collected from Rajshahi City Hatchery, Rajshahi. The stocking density was maintained at 400000/ha (T1), 500000/ha (T2), 600000/ha (T3) respectively. Fishes were fed same diet in three different treatments consisting of rice bran (35%), wheat flour (35%) and mustard oil cake (30%) at the rate of 5-10% of body weight. Also same type of fertilizers were used in three different treatments consisting of cowdung, Urea, T.S.P. The Physico-chemical characteristics of pond water were measured fortnightly. The mean values of some water quality parameters such as temperature (°C) were 31.18±1.33 (T1), 31.21±1.37 (T2), 31.12±1.25 (T3); dissolved oxygen (mg/l) 6.65±0.54 (T1), 6.61±0.48 (T2), 7.05±0.28 (T3); carbon dioxide (mg/l) 6.75±0.53 (T1), 6.49±0.56 (T2), 6.70±0.50 (T3) and pH 6.08±0.21 (T1), 7.04±0.22 (T2), 7.18±0.17 (T3); transparency (cm) 39.92±0.90 (T1), 39.91±0.58 (T2), 89.87±0.74 (T3) respectively. Sampling was also done fortnightly. The mean value of final length 7.76±0.12a (T1) 7.74±0.12a (T2) 7.70±0.14a (T3) and the mean value of final weight (g) was 4.98±0.25 (T1), 4.81±0.32 (T2), 4.57±0.32 (T3). The survival rate of Labeo rohita was 74.96% (T1), 69.04% (T2), 60.70% (T3) respectively. The highest survivability was found in T1. The production (kg/ha) of Labeo rohita was 1505.61±64.83 (T1), 1522.20±96.26 (T2), 1562.05±96.70 (T3) respectively. The highest production was found in T1. Among three treatments the production was very significant (p< 0.05). The C.B.R. was for (T1) 3.94±0.05, for (T2) 3.73±0.03 and for (T3) 3.61±0.05 respectively.
CONTENTS
Acknowledgements
Abstract
Contents
List of Tables
List of Figure
List of Plates
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER-TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Physico-chemical parameters
2.2 Biological parameters
2.3 Food and feeding in the nursery/rearing pond
2.4 Growth and production
CHAPTER-THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Study area
3.2 Period of the study
3.3 Design of the experiment
3.4 Management techniques of nursery ponds
3.5 Study of physico-chemical parameters
3.6 Data processing and analysis
3.7 Production and cost analysis
CHAPTER-FOUR: OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS
4.1 Water quality parameters
4.1.1 Fortnight variation
4.1.2 Mean variation
4.2 Growth performance of fry in rearing pond during 60 days of rearing
4.3 Survival rate
4.4 Cost benefit analysis
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION
5.1 Physical Characteristics of the rearing ponds
5.2 Pond preparation
5.3 Water quality parameters
5.4 Stocking of fry
5.5 Post-stocking management
5.6 Growth performance of fries
5.7 Survival rate
5.8 Production
CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSION
References
LIST OF TABLES
Table-1: Physical characteristics of the study pond
Table-2: Design of the experiment
Table-3: Quantity of the pesticide, lime and fertilizer which use during pond preparation
Table-4: Source of water
Table-5: Name and origin of the stocked fish species
Table-6: Stocking density of fry
Table-7: Amount of supplementary feed
Table-8: Quantity of supplementary feed used during the study pond.
Table-9: Variation in water quality parameters under different treatments at 1st fortnight.
Table-10: Variation in water quality parameters under different treatments at 2nd fortnight.
Table-11: Variation in water quality parameters under different treatments at 3rd fortnight.
Table-12: Variation in water quality parameters under different treatments at 4th fortnight.
Table-13: Average water quality parameters under different treatments during the study period
Table-14: Growth performance of fries of three different treatments at 1st fortnight
Table-15: Growth performance of fries of three different treatments at 2nd fortnight
Table-16: Growth performance of fries of three different treatments at 3rd fortnight
Table-17: Growth performance of fries of three different treatments at 4th fortnight
Table-18: Mean growth performance of fries of three different treatments after 60 days
Table-19: Average survival rate of Labeo rohita fries in different treatments
Table-20: Comparative analysis of CBR in different treatment
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure-1: Showing the average water depth of nursery ponds
Figure-2: Showing the study area (Indicating Rajshahi University Campus)
Figure-3: Showing the percentage of supplementary feed used in rearing pond
Figure-4: Average water temperature under three treatments during study period
Figure-5: Average dissolved oxygen under three treatments during study period
Figure-6: Average CO2 under three treatments during study period
Figure-7: Average pH under three treatments during study period
Figure-8: Average transparency under three treatments during study period
Figure-9: Different parameters under three treatments during study period
Figure-10: Growth performance of culture species in terms of weight gain (g) under three treatments
Figure-11: Growth performance of culture species in terms of length gain (cm) under three treatments
Figure-12: Growth performance of culture species in terms of final weight (g) under three treatments
Figure-13: Growth performance of culture species in terms of final length under three treatments during the study period
Figure-14: Survival rate of cultured species under three treatments during the study period
Figure-15: Comparative production of cultured species under three treatments during the study period
Figure-16: Specific growth rate (SGR) under three treatments during the study period
Figure-17: Showing the Survival rate in different treatment
Figure-18: Showing the total cost and income (Tk/ha) of different treatment
Figure-19: Showing the cost benefit ration of different treatments
LIST OF PLATES
Plate-1: Showing the control of aquatic weed from the rearing pond
Plate-2: Liming in the rearing pond
Plate-3: Showing the percentage of supplementary feed used in rearing pond
Plate-4: Showing the length measurement of some fries and fingerlings of Labeo rohita
Plate-5: Showing the weighing of some fries and fingerlings of Labeo rohita
Plate-6: Showing the releasing of fries (Labeo rohita)
Thesis, Fingerling, Production, Techniques, Indigenous, Major, Carp, Labeo, Rohita, Hamilton, Ponds, Study, Physical
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